1 00:00:02,360 --> 00:00:01,250 you know there's explanation for 2 00:00:03,710 --> 00:00:02,370 everything that occurred in the 3 00:00:06,170 --> 00:00:03,720 Rendlesham forest incident 4 00:00:09,049 --> 00:00:06,180 it doesn't involve aliens at all it was 5 00:00:12,379 --> 00:00:09,059 completely silent it comes right over 6 00:00:14,209 --> 00:00:12,389 our head it's so classic flying-saucer 7 00:00:15,829 --> 00:00:14,219 really standing in the clearing he 8 00:00:17,450 --> 00:00:15,839 turned over to my father and held his 9 00:00:23,960 --> 00:00:17,460 hand and he looked in his eyes and said 10 00:00:26,810 --> 00:00:23,970 we're not alone welcome to podcast UFO 11 00:00:28,640 --> 00:00:26,820 for our live show during the show feel 12 00:00:31,279 --> 00:00:28,650 free to participate live in our chat 13 00:00:36,170 --> 00:00:31,289 room and don't forget to Like us on our 14 00:00:37,610 --> 00:00:36,180 very active Facebook page hello and 15 00:00:40,610 --> 00:00:37,620 welcome to the show on Martin Willis 16 00:00:42,979 --> 00:00:40,620 your host and this is a place you can go 17 00:00:45,830 --> 00:00:42,989 to forget about things for a while I 18 00:00:47,029 --> 00:00:45,840 think there's a song like that but I'm 19 00:00:50,930 --> 00:00:47,039 not going to break into it don't worry 20 00:00:53,860 --> 00:00:50,940 about that I we have a well he's a 21 00:00:56,389 --> 00:00:53,870 personal friend and an entertaining 22 00:00:58,760 --> 00:00:56,399 astronomer for tonight's show 23 00:01:01,069 --> 00:00:58,770 mark D Antonio and we're gonna be 24 00:01:03,529 --> 00:01:01,079 talking about all types of cosmic 25 00:01:06,109 --> 00:01:03,539 mysteries and we'll probably touch on 26 00:01:08,510 --> 00:01:06,119 UFOs he has a book and we're going to be 27 00:01:10,250 --> 00:01:08,520 talking about that and it's called it's 28 00:01:12,920 --> 00:01:10,260 about the probability of life and it's 29 00:01:16,039 --> 00:01:12,930 called the populated universe life in 30 00:01:17,810 --> 00:01:16,049 the universe may be very well be the 31 00:01:19,190 --> 00:01:17,820 rule and not the exception I think I 32 00:01:22,039 --> 00:01:19,200 kind of screwed that up a little bit but 33 00:01:23,660 --> 00:01:22,049 anyway so we'll get into that we're 34 00:01:26,570 --> 00:01:23,670 gonna be taking calls in the last 35 00:01:28,700 --> 00:01:26,580 half-hour of the show I do want to thank 36 00:01:31,069 --> 00:01:28,710 everyone that supports the show without 37 00:01:33,620 --> 00:01:31,079 your support wouldn't be able to do this 38 00:01:34,490 --> 00:01:33,630 and anyone can if you're not supporting 39 00:01:37,060 --> 00:01:34,500 the show and you want to 40 00:01:39,710 --> 00:01:37,070 we're on patreon and that link is over 41 00:01:41,780 --> 00:01:39,720 you can actually do that on YouTube in 42 00:01:43,490 --> 00:01:41,790 the super chat as well and I want to 43 00:01:47,120 --> 00:01:43,500 thanks to Kevin for chipping in many 44 00:01:49,249 --> 00:01:47,130 times thank you very much and you can go 45 00:01:52,580 --> 00:01:49,259 over to podcast UFO com 46 00:01:55,280 --> 00:01:52,590 we have a blog called when UFOs collide 47 00:01:59,090 --> 00:01:55,290 and there's some actually some great 48 00:02:02,149 --> 00:01:59,100 cases a very good read and thanks to 49 00:02:05,719 --> 00:02:02,159 Charles Lear for our weekly blogs a 50 00:02:10,160 --> 00:02:05,729 little housekeeping I am very excited 51 00:02:11,930 --> 00:02:10,170 about well a lot of people have 52 00:02:13,910 --> 00:02:11,940 complained many times about all the 53 00:02:17,000 --> 00:02:13,920 technical problems I've had 54 00:02:19,430 --> 00:02:17,010 and that's using a software and and 55 00:02:20,750 --> 00:02:19,440 Skype and all that and I'm going to say 56 00:02:22,880 --> 00:02:20,760 good hopefully say goodbye to that 57 00:02:25,460 --> 00:02:22,890 forever and we're on stream yard 58 00:02:27,350 --> 00:02:25,470 it's a streaming service and hopefully 59 00:02:29,300 --> 00:02:27,360 everything will go just this is a debut 60 00:02:30,080 --> 00:02:29,310 with it so hopefully everything will go 61 00:02:34,130 --> 00:02:30,090 just fine 62 00:02:37,190 --> 00:02:34,140 and that is enough for me and without 63 00:02:38,870 --> 00:02:37,200 further ado I want to bring him on you 64 00:02:40,520 --> 00:02:38,880 may have seen him on TV the one and only 65 00:02:42,740 --> 00:02:40,530 Mark Dantonio 66 00:02:44,330 --> 00:02:42,750 welcome to the show mark hey yeah you 67 00:02:46,670 --> 00:02:44,340 doing Martin thank you for having me 68 00:02:49,370 --> 00:02:46,680 you've had always good to see you you're 69 00:02:50,990 --> 00:02:49,380 in your your you have like the ultimate 70 00:02:55,100 --> 00:02:51,000 man cave because it's like a submarine 71 00:02:58,280 --> 00:02:55,110 right well actually it's a more like a 72 00:03:02,000 --> 00:02:58,290 destroyer I've got I've got portholes 73 00:03:05,059 --> 00:03:02,010 for windows and a hatch to come in and 74 00:03:06,920 --> 00:03:05,069 out but it wasn't made as a man cave it 75 00:03:08,600 --> 00:03:06,930 was just made as my business office 76 00:03:10,670 --> 00:03:08,610 because since I have to work here I 77 00:03:12,770 --> 00:03:10,680 wanted to look as good as possible and 78 00:03:15,590 --> 00:03:12,780 if I was gonna work here I didn't want 79 00:03:17,570 --> 00:03:15,600 to be bored here so it'd look cool so I 80 00:03:20,270 --> 00:03:17,580 got rivets and rust which is awful you 81 00:03:22,130 --> 00:03:20,280 know I love it I was when I visited 82 00:03:24,470 --> 00:03:22,140 there I just thought that was such a 83 00:03:28,670 --> 00:03:24,480 cool setup you had it's really great I'm 84 00:03:30,770 --> 00:03:28,680 glad you liked it yeah so we I think 85 00:03:32,420 --> 00:03:30,780 last time we talked was uh maybe like a 86 00:03:34,610 --> 00:03:32,430 year ago year and a half something like 87 00:03:37,670 --> 00:03:34,620 that I can't really remember there's 88 00:03:39,140 --> 00:03:37,680 some astronomy in the news lately I 89 00:03:39,500 --> 00:03:39,150 wanted to talk a little bit about that 90 00:03:41,780 --> 00:03:39,510 tonight 91 00:03:45,050 --> 00:03:41,790 sure let's go yeah but for the person 92 00:03:46,699 --> 00:03:45,060 quickly there's a few out there there 93 00:03:48,080 --> 00:03:46,709 there are new listeners here just a 94 00:03:52,699 --> 00:03:48,090 little bit about your background quickly 95 00:03:54,920 --> 00:03:52,709 if you would oh sure um I I think I'm an 96 00:03:58,130 --> 00:03:54,930 astronomer last I checked that was what 97 00:04:01,970 --> 00:03:58,140 I got a degree in and I 98 00:04:03,349 --> 00:04:01,980 I believe that science is available to 99 00:04:05,870 --> 00:04:03,359 the masses everybody should be able to 100 00:04:08,030 --> 00:04:05,880 understand science you just have to make 101 00:04:11,300 --> 00:04:08,040 it understandable to those that don't 102 00:04:12,890 --> 00:04:11,310 have a scientific background so I bring 103 00:04:16,400 --> 00:04:12,900 science of the masses that's what I do 104 00:04:18,800 --> 00:04:16,410 now with my astronomy I'm an exoplanet 105 00:04:21,469 --> 00:04:18,810 guy in the astronomy world I like to 106 00:04:23,330 --> 00:04:21,479 enjoy and look at research about 107 00:04:26,060 --> 00:04:23,340 exoplanets around others on the other 108 00:04:28,620 --> 00:04:26,070 stars and I'm the mutual UFO network 109 00:04:31,170 --> 00:04:28,630 Steve photon video and 110 00:04:34,740 --> 00:04:31,180 and have done a lot of you know 111 00:04:37,409 --> 00:04:34,750 interesting television shows because I'm 112 00:04:40,830 --> 00:04:37,419 sort of a voice of reason I would guess 113 00:04:42,510 --> 00:04:40,840 is the right way to put it you know I I 114 00:04:44,370 --> 00:04:42,520 fully believe that in that 115 00:04:45,810 --> 00:04:44,380 extraterrestrial life can exist I fully 116 00:04:48,600 --> 00:04:45,820 believe that intelligent 117 00:04:51,270 --> 00:04:48,610 extraterrestrial life may exist but I do 118 00:04:56,129 --> 00:04:51,280 think that they could also have made it 119 00:04:59,520 --> 00:04:56,139 here and so that's kind of my background 120 00:05:00,930 --> 00:04:59,530 you know and you know I've done like I 121 00:05:03,810 --> 00:05:00,940 said I've done things all over the place 122 00:05:06,510 --> 00:05:03,820 book is a lot of conferences not right 123 00:05:14,159 --> 00:05:06,520 now because of covin you know but 124 00:05:17,520 --> 00:05:14,169 that'll change yeah so when you when did 125 00:05:20,550 --> 00:05:17,530 you like feel it was okay to you know 126 00:05:24,779 --> 00:05:20,560 kind of look into the UFO topic was it 127 00:05:26,460 --> 00:05:24,789 early on yeah actually I was I was nine 128 00:05:29,129 --> 00:05:26,470 years old when I realized I was gonna be 129 00:05:34,860 --> 00:05:29,139 an astronomer Wow that's a change 130 00:05:37,790 --> 00:05:34,870 I never wavered so either very boring or 131 00:05:40,800 --> 00:05:37,800 it means that I was committed and it and 132 00:05:43,140 --> 00:05:40,810 how does it how does a nine year old get 133 00:05:49,460 --> 00:05:43,150 committed to anything I mean besides an 134 00:05:51,899 --> 00:05:49,470 asylum yeah so the way that happens is 135 00:05:55,409 --> 00:05:51,909 you go outside you look up at the night 136 00:05:57,779 --> 00:05:55,419 sky and you feel something when you look 137 00:06:01,620 --> 00:05:57,789 at a nice guy and for me that something 138 00:06:03,810 --> 00:06:01,630 was I actually felt homesick looking up 139 00:06:07,439 --> 00:06:03,820 in the night sky and when I looked up 140 00:06:09,300 --> 00:06:07,449 and saw these myriad stars over my head 141 00:06:12,980 --> 00:06:09,310 I was like wow and then we'd go on 142 00:06:16,260 --> 00:06:12,990 family trips to Maine in the summers and 143 00:06:20,850 --> 00:06:16,270 Port Clyde Maine a small fishing village 144 00:06:22,830 --> 00:06:20,860 up on the down east as they say you know 145 00:06:29,040 --> 00:06:22,840 that you can't get there from here 146 00:06:32,399 --> 00:06:29,050 location I was stunned at the beauty of 147 00:06:36,060 --> 00:06:32,409 the night sky up there and you know what 148 00:06:39,570 --> 00:06:36,070 it never left me and I wanted a dark sky 149 00:06:41,310 --> 00:06:39,580 my entire life so every house I've ever 150 00:06:43,920 --> 00:06:41,320 owned and I've owned 151 00:06:48,420 --> 00:06:43,930 one two this will be the third actually 152 00:06:49,740 --> 00:06:48,430 so not many but um every house I had to 153 00:06:50,880 --> 00:06:49,750 be able to see the Milky Way up in this 154 00:06:52,530 --> 00:06:50,890 guy Wow 155 00:06:54,390 --> 00:06:52,540 when I before I bought the house if I 156 00:06:55,890 --> 00:06:54,400 couldn't see the Milky Way I wasn't 157 00:06:58,470 --> 00:06:55,900 gonna buy that house I don't care how 158 00:07:01,170 --> 00:06:58,480 nice the house looked so the house I'm 159 00:07:02,940 --> 00:07:01,180 in now I really hoped I'd see the Milky 160 00:07:05,430 --> 00:07:02,950 Way and when I pulled into the driveway 161 00:07:07,200 --> 00:07:05,440 at night with the owner's permission 162 00:07:10,170 --> 00:07:07,210 because we hadn't bought the house yet I 163 00:07:15,240 --> 00:07:10,180 looked up I saw the Milky Way and I said 164 00:07:19,920 --> 00:07:15,250 okay this house is now a candidate Wow 165 00:07:22,440 --> 00:07:19,930 now and I live as I we've talked about 166 00:07:24,510 --> 00:07:22,450 this I live right around the corner from 167 00:07:25,680 --> 00:07:24,520 where you used to summer you lit you 168 00:07:29,370 --> 00:07:25,690 used to go to a tenant's harbor and 169 00:07:31,860 --> 00:07:29,380 that's am it's for me right now and it 170 00:07:35,100 --> 00:07:31,870 is beautiful up here and I also had a 171 00:07:38,160 --> 00:07:35,110 conversation with you when we lost power 172 00:07:40,800 --> 00:07:38,170 up here and I could actually see the 173 00:07:42,660 --> 00:07:40,810 Milky Way so clear but it's not that 174 00:07:45,630 --> 00:07:42,670 clear because of the there is a little 175 00:07:48,750 --> 00:07:45,640 bit of light pollution yeah yeah you're 176 00:07:51,000 --> 00:07:48,760 you're you've got Rockland on one side 177 00:07:53,040 --> 00:07:51,010 Portland on the other you're gonna see 178 00:07:54,900 --> 00:07:53,050 the light from work from that location 179 00:07:59,300 --> 00:07:54,910 you know when Tenants Harbor location 180 00:08:03,440 --> 00:07:59,310 actually which is not where you are but 181 00:08:06,420 --> 00:08:03,450 from my point of view that's not so bad 182 00:08:08,490 --> 00:08:06,430 because I look at it in terms of how 183 00:08:10,860 --> 00:08:08,500 bright the night sky is on what's called 184 00:08:14,550 --> 00:08:10,870 the bordel scale that's a portal as Bo 185 00:08:16,290 --> 00:08:14,560 RTL e not bottle because you know the 186 00:08:18,360 --> 00:08:16,300 bottle scale well that'll make any night 187 00:08:20,550 --> 00:08:18,370 sky look wonderful you know for some 188 00:08:22,530 --> 00:08:20,560 people if you tip it a little too much 189 00:08:24,270 --> 00:08:22,540 yeah yeah the board will scale on the 190 00:08:26,970 --> 00:08:24,280 other hand that's a measure of the 191 00:08:29,340 --> 00:08:26,980 brightness of the night sky okay and if 192 00:08:31,890 --> 00:08:29,350 you have a portal sky of zero it's 193 00:08:33,780 --> 00:08:31,900 absolutely dark so like you can't see 194 00:08:38,790 --> 00:08:33,790 your hand if in your face a portal sky 195 00:08:40,110 --> 00:08:38,800 of nine okay is like downtown Phoenix or 196 00:08:44,070 --> 00:08:40,120 downtown New York City you know 197 00:08:46,140 --> 00:08:44,080 Manhattan alright and the observatory 198 00:08:48,930 --> 00:08:46,150 here in Connecticut where I run my 199 00:08:50,400 --> 00:08:48,940 Observatory astronomy outreach programs 200 00:08:53,450 --> 00:08:50,410 on YouTube you know the sky to 201 00:08:57,470 --> 00:08:53,460 livestream this 202 00:09:00,650 --> 00:08:57,480 these guys are bordel five skies and so 203 00:09:02,750 --> 00:09:00,660 on some nights I can see really really 204 00:09:04,070 --> 00:09:02,760 nice Milky Way and other nights with 205 00:09:07,750 --> 00:09:04,080 there's too much water vapor in the air 206 00:09:11,240 --> 00:09:07,760 I might not see them and see it at all 207 00:09:13,280 --> 00:09:11,250 but we have a second observatory we're 208 00:09:13,880 --> 00:09:13,290 building out in the Sonoran Desert in 209 00:09:17,120 --> 00:09:13,890 Arizona 210 00:09:19,430 --> 00:09:17,130 well you must Wow 211 00:09:21,980 --> 00:09:19,440 that's when do you expect that to be 212 00:09:25,940 --> 00:09:21,990 completed and operational well what's 213 00:09:30,050 --> 00:09:25,950 today today is May 12th and I'm gonna be 214 00:09:31,940 --> 00:09:30,060 going out there on June 22nd and we're 215 00:09:33,920 --> 00:09:31,950 building the observatory building 216 00:09:35,860 --> 00:09:33,930 I've got there's gonna be a crew coming 217 00:09:40,250 --> 00:09:35,870 out they're gonna erect that building 218 00:09:41,750 --> 00:09:40,260 and the building is gonna have a regular 219 00:09:43,130 --> 00:09:41,760 peaked roof and the whole roof is gonna 220 00:09:44,300 --> 00:09:43,140 roll off the building it's gonna be 221 00:09:44,960 --> 00:09:44,310 what's called a roll off roof or 222 00:09:48,650 --> 00:09:44,970 observatory 223 00:09:50,269 --> 00:09:48,660 however I'm big I'm making it so that it 224 00:09:50,840 --> 00:09:50,279 can be remotely controlled from anywhere 225 00:09:54,380 --> 00:09:50,850 in the world 226 00:09:56,900 --> 00:09:54,390 Wow oh I have like the one here my 227 00:09:59,960 --> 00:09:56,910 Observatory here is remote I run it from 228 00:10:04,910 --> 00:09:59,970 here I'm inside my office I run it from 229 00:10:06,769 --> 00:10:04,920 here okay and it's actually very nice it 230 00:10:08,329 --> 00:10:06,779 works very well so I've been working 231 00:10:11,720 --> 00:10:08,339 with it like that for several years now 232 00:10:15,280 --> 00:10:11,730 and I'm gonna be able to translate what 233 00:10:20,060 --> 00:10:15,290 I learned here into a permanent more 234 00:10:22,880 --> 00:10:20,070 robust system out there so that's great 235 00:10:25,490 --> 00:10:22,890 now you actually do something on Sunday 236 00:10:28,540 --> 00:10:25,500 nights well there's some type of stream 237 00:10:30,740 --> 00:10:28,550 you do as well that has to do with your 238 00:10:33,829 --> 00:10:30,750 Observatory when you talked about that 239 00:10:36,319 --> 00:10:33,839 you're on Sunday nights on K GRA hey who 240 00:10:39,410 --> 00:10:36,329 would have thought video the best 241 00:10:41,870 --> 00:10:39,420 listeners on earth right um they from 242 00:10:45,170 --> 00:10:41,880 8:00 to 10:00 p.m. on Sunday nights we 243 00:10:48,410 --> 00:10:45,180 have sky tour radio and my co-host is 244 00:10:50,300 --> 00:10:48,420 Amanda Curran and we have Daryl Mason 245 00:10:53,210 --> 00:10:50,310 with us Daryl Mason is I call him the 246 00:10:55,579 --> 00:10:53,220 astronomers astronomer he's he's a very 247 00:10:57,860 --> 00:10:55,589 very knowledgeable amateur astronomer 248 00:11:02,000 --> 00:10:57,870 who brings a different perspective than 249 00:11:04,190 --> 00:11:02,010 the professional astronomers and so it's 250 00:11:05,720 --> 00:11:04,200 really good to have him on because he 251 00:11:06,110 --> 00:11:05,730 knows the night sky like the back of his 252 00:11:07,730 --> 00:11:06,120 hand 253 00:11:10,070 --> 00:11:07,740 and 254 00:11:12,620 --> 00:11:10,080 you know that is something that that 255 00:11:14,210 --> 00:11:12,630 people that are learning astronomy will 256 00:11:16,490 --> 00:11:14,220 want to do or want to learn you know and 257 00:11:18,380 --> 00:11:16,500 so he's great to have on a man that's 258 00:11:22,010 --> 00:11:18,390 great she knew absolutely no astronomy 259 00:11:23,510 --> 00:11:22,020 when we started together and now you 260 00:11:25,220 --> 00:11:23,520 know she'll actually cut me off when I'm 261 00:11:27,860 --> 00:11:25,230 talking to finish my sentences with the 262 00:11:29,900 --> 00:11:27,870 right thing I in astronomy and I don't 263 00:11:31,310 --> 00:11:29,910 get mad I'm proud of her you know 264 00:11:34,040 --> 00:11:31,320 because he's come a long way and it's 265 00:11:35,720 --> 00:11:34,050 really cool to hear her knowledge or 266 00:11:37,190 --> 00:11:35,730 she'll I'll say now we have all these 267 00:11:38,570 --> 00:11:37,200 different types of stellar types and 268 00:11:39,950 --> 00:11:38,580 you'll hear her go oh I know I know I 269 00:11:41,510 --> 00:11:39,960 know because she wants to tell everybody 270 00:11:44,780 --> 00:11:41,520 what they are it's right letter you know 271 00:11:47,990 --> 00:11:44,790 we go through that so yeah she's really 272 00:11:51,830 --> 00:11:48,000 amazing as is Daryl so I say this guy to 273 00:11:54,350 --> 00:11:51,840 a radio is us not me okay and and that's 274 00:11:56,560 --> 00:11:54,360 I think that's true you know you you've 275 00:11:59,600 --> 00:11:56,570 got a you've got to basically 276 00:12:02,900 --> 00:11:59,610 acknowledge the people that have you 277 00:12:04,250 --> 00:12:02,910 know make your show a success right you 278 00:12:06,230 --> 00:12:04,260 know you do it for the people that have 279 00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:06,240 helped you I do it for people have 280 00:12:11,270 --> 00:12:08,010 helped me you know to keep this show 281 00:12:13,400 --> 00:12:11,280 going yeah so I want to talk about a 282 00:12:16,100 --> 00:12:13,410 couple things that are kind of hot in 283 00:12:18,770 --> 00:12:16,110 the news and one of them is there's that 284 00:12:21,470 --> 00:12:18,780 the black hole that's about a thousand 285 00:12:25,340 --> 00:12:21,480 light years away they they just 286 00:12:29,360 --> 00:12:25,350 discovered an unusual thing for them to 287 00:12:32,060 --> 00:12:29,370 find something like that because this 288 00:12:36,650 --> 00:12:32,070 black hole is actually in our backyard 289 00:12:38,930 --> 00:12:36,660 if you want to go down the path of what 290 00:12:41,540 --> 00:12:38,940 constitutes a backyard and astronomy 291 00:12:44,740 --> 00:12:41,550 where the nearest star is 12,000 years 292 00:12:48,260 --> 00:12:44,750 away at the fastest speed we can go a 293 00:12:50,540 --> 00:12:48,270 thousand light years is actually right 294 00:12:55,550 --> 00:12:50,550 in our backyard and this particular 295 00:12:57,500 --> 00:12:55,560 black hole is really it's in it so it's 296 00:13:01,100 --> 00:12:57,510 in a constellation called telescope ium 297 00:13:04,490 --> 00:13:01,110 which is the telescope and it it it was 298 00:13:07,520 --> 00:13:04,500 found through a study of the star HR 68 299 00:13:10,880 --> 00:13:07,530 19 and this particular star a nice 300 00:13:14,720 --> 00:13:10,890 romantic name for That star this star 301 00:13:16,730 --> 00:13:14,730 has actually is more than one there's 302 00:13:18,620 --> 00:13:16,740 two stars at least that's what they 303 00:13:20,090 --> 00:13:18,630 thought there's a primary and a 304 00:13:22,130 --> 00:13:20,100 secondary star 305 00:13:26,360 --> 00:13:22,140 well the secondary had a weird orbit 306 00:13:30,140 --> 00:13:26,370 that didn't match what was expected for 307 00:13:31,940 --> 00:13:30,150 a binary star okay just because this one 308 00:13:33,080 --> 00:13:31,950 star turned out to be to write a binary 309 00:13:35,210 --> 00:13:33,090 and then that second star would 310 00:13:38,330 --> 00:13:35,220 typically just orbit around the main 311 00:13:42,110 --> 00:13:38,340 star well it's doing so but something is 312 00:13:45,920 --> 00:13:42,120 weird is going on it turns out that this 313 00:13:49,130 --> 00:13:45,930 secondary star alright is surrounded by 314 00:13:51,710 --> 00:13:49,140 or next to it another object that can't 315 00:13:54,260 --> 00:13:51,720 be seen that's affecting its orbit so 316 00:13:58,220 --> 00:13:54,270 they've guessed that and I think rightly 317 00:14:02,390 --> 00:13:58,230 that this whole system this trinary 318 00:14:05,470 --> 00:14:02,400 system it has a black hole in it and the 319 00:14:08,300 --> 00:14:05,480 star that was considered the primary is 320 00:14:10,720 --> 00:14:08,310 actually the secondary because the black 321 00:14:13,250 --> 00:14:10,730 hole is pretty heavy pretty massive okay 322 00:14:15,410 --> 00:14:13,260 when I say primary versus secondary the 323 00:14:18,320 --> 00:14:15,420 primary is usually the more massive star 324 00:14:20,870 --> 00:14:18,330 or the brighter and a secondary usually 325 00:14:24,350 --> 00:14:20,880 the dimmer and the least less massive 326 00:14:27,290 --> 00:14:24,360 you know either those things well the 327 00:14:29,210 --> 00:14:27,300 primary in this case has a black hole 328 00:14:31,220 --> 00:14:29,220 going around it and that secondary is 329 00:14:33,920 --> 00:14:31,230 orbiting the two of them at a much 330 00:14:37,070 --> 00:14:33,930 greater distance and it takes only 40 331 00:14:40,760 --> 00:14:37,080 days for that that black hole and start 332 00:14:44,060 --> 00:14:40,770 to orbit each other and that process is 333 00:14:46,460 --> 00:14:44,070 something that was deciphered of when 334 00:14:47,780 --> 00:14:46,470 they looked at the data and by looking 335 00:14:50,420 --> 00:14:47,790 at the data they can see this black 336 00:14:53,030 --> 00:14:50,430 holes out there now you know if you 337 00:14:55,490 --> 00:14:53,040 think about it you say well how do black 338 00:14:57,410 --> 00:14:55,500 holes form I mean black holes don't just 339 00:15:00,320 --> 00:14:57,420 like show up hi I'm a black hole I'm 340 00:15:02,480 --> 00:15:00,330 here now they don't what happens is they 341 00:15:04,430 --> 00:15:02,490 the stars go through stellar revolution 342 00:15:08,680 --> 00:15:04,440 they actually use up all their hydrogen 343 00:15:12,170 --> 00:15:08,690 fuel and then swell into a red giant and 344 00:15:14,210 --> 00:15:12,180 if they're smaller than a certain size a 345 00:15:16,220 --> 00:15:14,220 certain you know certain mass then 346 00:15:18,410 --> 00:15:16,230 they'll just shrink down to a little 347 00:15:20,390 --> 00:15:18,420 white dwarfs leaving a little fuzzy 348 00:15:22,340 --> 00:15:20,400 nebula around the remaining white dwarf 349 00:15:25,880 --> 00:15:22,350 but if they're bigger than a certain 350 00:15:27,650 --> 00:15:25,890 size then the stars can actually explode 351 00:15:30,110 --> 00:15:27,660 in what we call a supernova which is a 352 00:15:32,540 --> 00:15:30,120 greatest cataclysmic explosion that the 353 00:15:33,990 --> 00:15:32,550 universe knows other than what's called 354 00:15:36,330 --> 00:15:34,000 a killer nova or a high 355 00:15:38,160 --> 00:15:36,340 for Nova but if you think about or as it 356 00:15:41,400 --> 00:15:38,170 turns out fast radio bursts it might be 357 00:15:44,100 --> 00:15:41,410 the the explosion of a supernova would 358 00:15:47,520 --> 00:15:44,110 leave the Bri and you'd see something in 359 00:15:51,000 --> 00:15:47,530 the area left over well this particular 360 00:15:53,120 --> 00:15:51,010 star system this trainer he doesn't have 361 00:15:55,650 --> 00:15:53,130 any of this stuff there's none of this 362 00:15:58,380 --> 00:15:55,660 wreckage from a previous exploded star 363 00:16:01,670 --> 00:15:58,390 hanging out so what does that mean it 364 00:16:04,830 --> 00:16:01,680 means that perhaps there's another 365 00:16:07,350 --> 00:16:04,840 phenomena of foot and that phenomena 366 00:16:10,920 --> 00:16:07,360 that could be a foot is that some 367 00:16:12,480 --> 00:16:10,930 massive stars can actually just begin to 368 00:16:14,580 --> 00:16:12,490 collapse and instead of going supernova 369 00:16:16,590 --> 00:16:14,590 they can just go into this catastrophic 370 00:16:19,410 --> 00:16:16,600 collapse and these are called direct 371 00:16:21,090 --> 00:16:19,420 collapse black holes they can actually 372 00:16:24,890 --> 00:16:21,100 go right from being a star right down to 373 00:16:29,910 --> 00:16:24,900 a black hole and it's theorized that 374 00:16:32,520 --> 00:16:29,920 maybe this could have happened here but 375 00:16:34,380 --> 00:16:32,530 it's also possible going back to the 376 00:16:37,260 --> 00:16:34,390 supernova front that it might have 377 00:16:39,000 --> 00:16:37,270 happened so long ago that all of the 378 00:16:40,710 --> 00:16:39,010 material from the supernova has moved 379 00:16:42,480 --> 00:16:40,720 out and expanded because once the star 380 00:16:43,860 --> 00:16:42,490 explodes you go boom you know the stuff 381 00:16:46,230 --> 00:16:43,870 just goes on and on 382 00:16:48,750 --> 00:16:46,240 and then what's left in the center might 383 00:16:51,450 --> 00:16:48,760 not have so much stuff and that that 384 00:16:55,710 --> 00:16:51,460 could be what we see here - but it's a 385 00:16:58,380 --> 00:16:55,720 really neat thing yeah and so it's part 386 00:17:03,120 --> 00:16:58,390 of it's part of a binary system no 387 00:17:07,559 --> 00:17:03,130 trinary system I guess so there's no 388 00:17:10,860 --> 00:17:07,569 danger of us the other binary stars like 389 00:17:13,050 --> 00:17:10,870 being drawn into it unless somehow they 390 00:17:15,030 --> 00:17:13,060 it it shifts or something like that I 391 00:17:17,699 --> 00:17:15,040 mean it just has the gravity of a of 392 00:17:20,910 --> 00:17:17,709 another Sun basically right and actually 393 00:17:21,890 --> 00:17:20,920 for other Suns it's actually the mass of 394 00:17:27,360 --> 00:17:21,900 four Suns 395 00:17:29,820 --> 00:17:27,370 yeah and so it means that this probably 396 00:17:33,330 --> 00:17:29,830 was a much more massive star to begin 397 00:17:35,160 --> 00:17:33,340 with and then when it collapsed either 398 00:17:37,080 --> 00:17:35,170 it were the supernova was gonna blow off 399 00:17:39,450 --> 00:17:37,090 a huge amount of mass from this star 400 00:17:41,490 --> 00:17:39,460 bomb it all goes away but what's left in 401 00:17:44,370 --> 00:17:41,500 the middle all right is gonna have a 402 00:17:47,190 --> 00:17:44,380 certain mass left over if it had a four 403 00:17:47,940 --> 00:17:47,200 solar masses left over it means it had 404 00:17:50,760 --> 00:17:47,950 to be a big star 405 00:17:52,740 --> 00:17:50,770 to begin with so then you would say well 406 00:17:56,820 --> 00:17:52,750 wait why didn't the other stars in that 407 00:17:58,440 --> 00:17:56,830 system gets destroyed you know why 408 00:18:00,270 --> 00:17:58,450 didn't the other stars gonna get 409 00:18:03,920 --> 00:18:00,280 destroyed in the system from this and 410 00:18:08,490 --> 00:18:03,930 the answer to that is that these stars 411 00:18:11,040 --> 00:18:08,500 many times do survive supernovae because 412 00:18:13,770 --> 00:18:11,050 as close as they are there are sometimes 413 00:18:16,200 --> 00:18:13,780 not close enough to be destroyed or on 414 00:18:18,990 --> 00:18:16,210 what we call disrupted by another 415 00:18:21,660 --> 00:18:19,000 stellar event nearby stars are actually 416 00:18:24,330 --> 00:18:21,670 pretty cohesive things it's it takes a 417 00:18:26,390 --> 00:18:24,340 lot to destroy them but this one this 418 00:18:29,010 --> 00:18:26,400 also being a thousand light years away 419 00:18:31,550 --> 00:18:29,020 never it will never have an issue with 420 00:18:35,010 --> 00:18:31,560 it it's not gonna be a problem for us 421 00:18:37,020 --> 00:18:35,020 well yeah I know and I have brought this 422 00:18:39,540 --> 00:18:37,030 up to another astronomer that was on 423 00:18:41,850 --> 00:18:39,550 here basically that you don't really 424 00:18:45,120 --> 00:18:41,860 have any more draw well when this has 425 00:18:48,270 --> 00:18:45,130 the the mass of four Suns it it 426 00:18:50,190 --> 00:18:48,280 basically has that type of gravity pull 427 00:18:51,870 --> 00:18:50,200 but it's not going to bother you unless 428 00:18:54,780 --> 00:18:51,880 you know it's not going to come after 429 00:18:56,580 --> 00:18:54,790 you so to speak no it's it's in orbit 430 00:18:58,290 --> 00:18:56,590 like like our Sun right now if it went 431 00:19:00,600 --> 00:18:58,300 if our Sun could be magically turned 432 00:19:02,520 --> 00:19:00,610 into a black hole we'd see the Sun go 433 00:19:05,490 --> 00:19:02,530 out and the planets would continue to 434 00:19:07,610 --> 00:19:05,500 orbit just like they do forever they 435 00:19:12,930 --> 00:19:07,620 just get a lot colder and a lot better 436 00:19:14,820 --> 00:19:12,940 okay but you know it orbits you know it 437 00:19:18,540 --> 00:19:14,830 doesn't change the the mass doesn't 438 00:19:20,940 --> 00:19:18,550 change once it's a black hole it'll be a 439 00:19:22,490 --> 00:19:20,950 one our Sun would be a one solar mass 440 00:19:24,300 --> 00:19:22,500 black hole like now our Sun is 441 00:19:26,370 --> 00:19:24,310 impossible it can't become a black hole 442 00:19:28,370 --> 00:19:26,380 just for argument's sake I'm saying 443 00:19:30,690 --> 00:19:28,380 alright or if it would have come right 444 00:19:32,820 --> 00:19:30,700 our Sun will become a white dwarf you 445 00:19:34,470 --> 00:19:32,830 know it would become a red giant after 446 00:19:36,390 --> 00:19:34,480 it uses up a bridge and it goes through 447 00:19:38,130 --> 00:19:36,400 using other stuff to fuse into other 448 00:19:40,260 --> 00:19:38,140 materials and that would make it bloat 449 00:19:42,720 --> 00:19:40,270 into this bigger thing and then as those 450 00:19:44,940 --> 00:19:42,730 things progressively waned and went away 451 00:19:47,970 --> 00:19:44,950 it would shrink down more and more and 452 00:19:49,500 --> 00:19:47,980 it did pulsate it would start to shrink 453 00:19:51,660 --> 00:19:49,510 and then say oh hey I got some more 454 00:19:53,460 --> 00:19:51,670 stuff and it bloats up again then it 455 00:19:55,770 --> 00:19:53,470 goes down once it loses that and then oh 456 00:19:58,620 --> 00:19:55,780 I found more stuff to fuse you know and 457 00:20:00,600 --> 00:19:58,630 when that happens basically it'll blow 458 00:20:01,680 --> 00:20:00,610 and do that kind of that cycle that 459 00:20:03,570 --> 00:20:01,690 variable 460 00:20:05,700 --> 00:20:03,580 cycle like that puffing and and and 461 00:20:07,909 --> 00:20:05,710 shrinking multiple times and it'll 462 00:20:14,100 --> 00:20:07,919 become a white dwarf and the white dwarf 463 00:20:16,649 --> 00:20:14,110 is a really odd character just like well 464 00:20:18,060 --> 00:20:16,659 you know with bigger stars they could 465 00:20:22,950 --> 00:20:18,070 leave behind black holes or neutron 466 00:20:26,009 --> 00:20:22,960 stars so it's a really these cores of 467 00:20:27,389 --> 00:20:26,019 all stars at the end are really odd 468 00:20:31,430 --> 00:20:27,399 places 469 00:20:35,129 --> 00:20:31,440 none of them conducive to life yeah 470 00:20:36,720 --> 00:20:35,139 right I know that I think a Sun has to 471 00:20:38,970 --> 00:20:36,730 be 2 and 1/2 times the size of ours 472 00:20:40,200 --> 00:20:38,980 before it could become a black hole I 473 00:20:41,970 --> 00:20:40,210 believe something like that 474 00:20:44,159 --> 00:20:41,980 well yeah black holes have to have a 475 00:20:48,810 --> 00:20:44,169 certain minimum mass okay and like for 476 00:20:52,049 --> 00:20:48,820 our Sun if we there's a certain limit 477 00:20:55,049 --> 00:20:52,059 okay our Sun when it goes to a white 478 00:20:57,649 --> 00:20:55,059 dwarf stars up to one point four four 479 00:21:01,460 --> 00:20:57,659 solar masses would go to a white dwarf 480 00:21:04,919 --> 00:21:01,470 above that then they have a chance of 481 00:21:07,499 --> 00:21:04,929 becoming a going supernova and possibly 482 00:21:11,210 --> 00:21:07,509 leaving behind a neutron star all right 483 00:21:15,450 --> 00:21:11,220 yeah which is another dead star remnant 484 00:21:17,490 --> 00:21:15,460 and above that still the larger ones 485 00:21:20,610 --> 00:21:17,500 when they explode they could actually 486 00:21:22,320 --> 00:21:20,620 leave behind a black hole which when I 487 00:21:25,379 --> 00:21:22,330 first heard about black holes I thought 488 00:21:27,350 --> 00:21:25,389 it was just baloney I thought it was 489 00:21:31,080 --> 00:21:27,360 really I just thought was baloney until 490 00:21:33,090 --> 00:21:31,090 you know and not not until I actually 491 00:21:35,490 --> 00:21:33,100 heard from people that talked about the 492 00:21:37,860 --> 00:21:35,500 physics of the black holes and how they 493 00:21:40,110 --> 00:21:37,870 operated and I realized that we're 494 00:21:43,049 --> 00:21:40,120 talking about a force of gravity that's 495 00:21:47,580 --> 00:21:43,059 actually bending not light but the 496 00:21:49,590 --> 00:21:47,590 fabric of space itself and bending space 497 00:21:51,210 --> 00:21:49,600 is a concept that is hard for people to 498 00:21:54,509 --> 00:21:51,220 understand because they think space is 499 00:21:57,990 --> 00:21:54,519 nothing it's empty you know and it's 500 00:22:00,509 --> 00:21:58,000 it's not you know and so when when when 501 00:22:01,799 --> 00:22:00,519 the fabric of space gets bent well just 502 00:22:04,139 --> 00:22:01,809 like a car on a hill 503 00:22:08,909 --> 00:22:04,149 okay following the contours of a hill 504 00:22:10,830 --> 00:22:08,919 light follows the contour of space so if 505 00:22:13,440 --> 00:22:10,840 the if the if space is getting bent 506 00:22:14,980 --> 00:22:13,450 around by a black hole well the light is 507 00:22:16,330 --> 00:22:14,990 gonna go benter get around 508 00:22:18,549 --> 00:22:16,340 get bent around by this black hole 509 00:22:20,350 --> 00:22:18,559 because it's following space it follows 510 00:22:21,880 --> 00:22:20,360 space it doesn't know that there's a 511 00:22:24,490 --> 00:22:21,890 band it's just going straight as far as 512 00:22:26,410 --> 00:22:24,500 its concerned you know and so when they 513 00:22:28,540 --> 00:22:26,420 say a black hole's gravity is so strong 514 00:22:31,540 --> 00:22:28,550 and not even light can escape it what 515 00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:31,550 they're really saying is that the 516 00:22:37,000 --> 00:22:34,010 gravitational force of the black hole is 517 00:22:39,669 --> 00:22:37,010 bending space so much that the light 518 00:22:43,210 --> 00:22:39,679 that is now let's say orbiting the black 519 00:22:45,640 --> 00:22:43,220 hole if it ends up getting into the 520 00:22:47,919 --> 00:22:45,650 black hole the the gravity is so strong 521 00:22:49,510 --> 00:22:47,929 that and the curvature of space is so 522 00:22:51,100 --> 00:22:49,520 tight that you'll that light beam can 523 00:22:53,620 --> 00:22:51,110 never get out again that particle that 524 00:22:56,919 --> 00:22:53,630 photon of light will never get out so 525 00:23:01,090 --> 00:22:56,929 that's why they say that it's not that 526 00:23:03,310 --> 00:23:01,100 light is bent by gravity it's not space 527 00:23:05,830 --> 00:23:03,320 is bent by gravity and light follows 528 00:23:09,610 --> 00:23:05,840 space it's sort of a two-step thing well 529 00:23:11,620 --> 00:23:09,620 you know it is and I've heard it's kind 530 00:23:15,190 --> 00:23:11,630 of like putting a a bowling ball on a 531 00:23:18,070 --> 00:23:15,200 mattress it's a good way to put it yeah 532 00:23:19,780 --> 00:23:18,080 or a big rubber sheet you know and and 533 00:23:22,030 --> 00:23:19,790 and you know we've done that actually in 534 00:23:23,950 --> 00:23:22,040 physics we've actually taken a ball 535 00:23:26,470 --> 00:23:23,960 bearing and put it on a large rubber 536 00:23:28,450 --> 00:23:26,480 sheet and it makes it well in the middle 537 00:23:31,180 --> 00:23:28,460 and if the if you get enough people to 538 00:23:32,260 --> 00:23:31,190 hold that thing and stretch it you know 539 00:23:34,540 --> 00:23:32,270 the ball bearing will make like a little 540 00:23:36,070 --> 00:23:34,550 dent in the middle but as the people 541 00:23:38,410 --> 00:23:36,080 start to walk forward a little bit 542 00:23:39,610 --> 00:23:38,420 it stays taut but the ball bearing shots 543 00:23:42,220 --> 00:23:39,620 will sink deeper and deeper and deeper 544 00:23:44,230 --> 00:23:42,230 making it deeper and deeper well and you 545 00:23:47,710 --> 00:23:44,240 can simulate for instance the different 546 00:23:49,870 --> 00:23:47,720 depths of a gravitational well this way 547 00:23:51,370 --> 00:23:49,880 and then if you can think take other 548 00:23:53,230 --> 00:23:51,380 like marbles and start rolling them 549 00:23:55,169 --> 00:23:53,240 around on this thing you'll see the 550 00:23:57,880 --> 00:23:55,179 marbles will orbit these things and 551 00:24:00,880 --> 00:23:57,890 spiral in faster and faster and faster 552 00:24:02,919 --> 00:24:00,890 till they go down the middle wheel in a 553 00:24:05,049 --> 00:24:02,929 way it was clinking then you got that 554 00:24:07,570 --> 00:24:05,059 then the marbles now hit the ball 555 00:24:09,250 --> 00:24:07,580 bearing in the middle yeah yeah we got 556 00:24:12,490 --> 00:24:09,260 just a minute here we're gonna be going 557 00:24:13,720 --> 00:24:12,500 into a break and I just want to touch on 558 00:24:15,610 --> 00:24:13,730 some of the other things we're going to 559 00:24:17,560 --> 00:24:15,620 talk about course we'll hit the UFO 560 00:24:19,960 --> 00:24:17,570 topic sooner or later we're gonna be 561 00:24:22,330 --> 00:24:19,970 talking about your book and we're also 562 00:24:23,890 --> 00:24:22,340 going to be talking about well we're 563 00:24:27,250 --> 00:24:23,900 going to talk about your book at this 564 00:24:29,290 --> 00:24:27,260 coming break coming right up 565 00:24:33,640 --> 00:24:29,300 I also want to talk about the near miss 566 00:24:35,320 --> 00:24:33,650 asteroid and what of you know how can we 567 00:24:37,870 --> 00:24:35,330 actually be protected from that because 568 00:24:40,870 --> 00:24:37,880 that's that's always a little bit scary 569 00:24:43,930 --> 00:24:40,880 that whole thing yeah anyway we are 570 00:24:46,330 --> 00:24:43,940 ready to go into a break and we'll be 571 00:24:49,180 --> 00:24:46,340 right back right after these messages 572 00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:49,190 and hang in there in YouTube we got a 573 00:24:54,640 --> 00:24:52,610 commercial for you hi everyone this is 574 00:24:56,350 --> 00:24:54,650 actually my first youtube commercial and 575 00:25:00,730 --> 00:24:56,360 it's about me that's actually about my 576 00:25:02,560 --> 00:25:00,740 artwork but I am really excited because 577 00:25:06,220 --> 00:25:02,570 in going stir-crazy 578 00:25:08,020 --> 00:25:06,230 I actually have time to paint which you 579 00:25:10,180 --> 00:25:08,030 know I've put the brush down for many 580 00:25:13,570 --> 00:25:10,190 years so check out my website martin 581 00:25:15,640 --> 00:25:13,580 willis art.com it's a great shopping 582 00:25:16,270 --> 00:25:15,650 experience over there and why am I 583 00:25:18,280 --> 00:25:16,280 telling you this 584 00:25:21,490 --> 00:25:18,290 because if there's anything over there 585 00:25:26,260 --> 00:25:21,500 that you kind of fancy all you have to 586 00:25:27,130 --> 00:25:26,270 do is put in the coupon code UFO and 587 00:25:32,880 --> 00:25:27,140 you're good to go 588 00:25:36,460 --> 00:25:32,890 for 50% off of the typical gallery price 589 00:25:39,820 --> 00:25:36,470 so check it out over there at Martin 590 00:25:43,330 --> 00:25:39,830 Willis art.com I used to have a gallery 591 00:25:45,610 --> 00:25:43,340 you know years ago for many years 592 00:25:48,940 --> 00:25:45,620 actually in Portsmouth New Hampshire I 593 00:25:50,260 --> 00:25:48,950 sold a lot of artwork there I started at 594 00:25:52,120 --> 00:25:50,270 age 595 00:25:56,170 --> 00:25:52,130 well actually gonna say I started in my 596 00:25:57,810 --> 00:25:56,180 early 40s totally bored on a Saturday my 597 00:26:01,810 --> 00:25:57,820 son and I went to a craft store I bought 598 00:26:04,810 --> 00:26:01,820 yes paint-by-numbers and I was 599 00:26:08,580 --> 00:26:04,820 immediately frustrated right away with 600 00:26:11,530 --> 00:26:08,590 that I could not handle that so I 601 00:26:14,170 --> 00:26:11,540 flipped the canvas over and painted what 602 00:26:17,140 --> 00:26:14,180 actually looked like an apple and that 603 00:26:19,300 --> 00:26:17,150 started me on my way actually painted 604 00:26:22,240 --> 00:26:19,310 with a well-known artist for about a 605 00:26:24,280 --> 00:26:22,250 year this you're seeing right now on the 606 00:26:27,730 --> 00:26:24,290 screen is part of a series called life 607 00:26:30,130 --> 00:26:27,740 on Planet X so check that out 608 00:26:32,380 --> 00:26:30,140 my first influence was actually my dad 609 00:26:36,720 --> 00:26:32,390 many years ago this is one of his 610 00:26:40,150 --> 00:26:36,730 paintings I I used to sit in his gallery 611 00:26:43,030 --> 00:26:40,160 and just watch him paint and he 612 00:26:44,770 --> 00:26:43,040 - give me the wonderful chore of 613 00:26:48,600 --> 00:26:44,780 cleaning the brushes there's another 614 00:26:51,310 --> 00:26:48,610 painting that he did a still-life anyway 615 00:26:53,470 --> 00:26:51,320 it kind of influenced me also I 616 00:26:56,710 --> 00:26:53,480 mentioned many times on this show that 617 00:26:59,740 --> 00:26:56,720 I'm a you know fine art appraiser so 618 00:27:02,740 --> 00:26:59,750 there's been many influences of art over 619 00:27:06,400 --> 00:27:02,750 the years I'm enjoying what I'm doing I 620 00:27:11,710 --> 00:27:06,410 hope you enjoy the website again check 621 00:27:15,370 --> 00:27:11,720 out a Martin Willis art.com and don't 622 00:27:19,510 --> 00:27:15,380 forget the code that will save you 50% 623 00:27:21,670 --> 00:27:19,520 off and that is a UFO so hang in there 624 00:27:28,420 --> 00:27:21,680 we'll be right back with the show thanks 625 00:27:31,510 --> 00:27:28,430 for listening actually you don't have to 626 00:27:36,400 --> 00:27:31,520 hang in all that long I think we're 627 00:27:38,080 --> 00:27:36,410 gonna I'm gonna bring us back mark or 628 00:27:41,440 --> 00:27:38,090 are you getting used to this new this 629 00:27:43,270 --> 00:27:41,450 new program I love it so mark let's talk 630 00:27:46,500 --> 00:27:43,280 about your book during this break we got 631 00:27:50,350 --> 00:27:46,510 we got about two minutes or so here okay 632 00:27:55,330 --> 00:27:50,360 well the book is was born out of a 633 00:27:58,930 --> 00:27:55,340 conversation I had back in 1988 no 1983 634 00:28:04,600 --> 00:27:58,940 I was getting my degree in astronomy yes 635 00:28:06,370 --> 00:28:04,610 I'm that old and during that time I was 636 00:28:08,200 --> 00:28:06,380 talking to the director of the 637 00:28:11,830 --> 00:28:08,210 observatory and I had a conversation 638 00:28:16,300 --> 00:28:11,840 with him and said hey I believe that the 639 00:28:17,860 --> 00:28:16,310 universe is full of life and he goes you 640 00:28:22,240 --> 00:28:17,870 have to explain that what are you what 641 00:28:25,150 --> 00:28:22,250 are you talking about and I said I think 642 00:28:29,440 --> 00:28:25,160 that the universe is full of life I 643 00:28:33,340 --> 00:28:29,450 think it's a populated universe and I 644 00:28:35,080 --> 00:28:33,350 have no idea you know why I think that I 645 00:28:37,210 --> 00:28:35,090 just have some logic behind it and he 646 00:28:38,560 --> 00:28:37,220 goes well you're gonna have to explain 647 00:28:40,180 --> 00:28:38,570 that logic so I actually told them I 648 00:28:42,670 --> 00:28:40,190 said look we're carbon-based creatures 649 00:28:44,650 --> 00:28:42,680 we're bilaterally symmetric everything 650 00:28:50,470 --> 00:28:44,660 on this planet is based on carbon every 651 00:28:52,030 --> 00:28:50,480 life-form and so you know to me that's a 652 00:28:53,980 --> 00:28:52,040 template that the universe has produced 653 00:28:58,120 --> 00:28:53,990 you know a template for 654 00:29:01,720 --> 00:28:58,130 life and so that that being the case I 655 00:29:04,180 --> 00:29:01,730 think that maybe we're talking about the 656 00:29:06,580 --> 00:29:04,190 fact that life in the universe is the 657 00:29:09,910 --> 00:29:06,590 rule not the exception 658 00:29:12,310 --> 00:29:09,920 and he said you finished I said yeah he 659 00:29:14,470 --> 00:29:12,320 says go back in the observatory and get 660 00:29:16,750 --> 00:29:14,480 back in the project alright your 661 00:29:22,450 --> 00:29:16,760 research project you meant and leave 662 00:29:24,730 --> 00:29:22,460 Captain Kirk to us now in 89 I went back 663 00:29:28,960 --> 00:29:24,740 because the first exoplanet had been 664 00:29:30,850 --> 00:29:28,970 confirmed and he was on the phone it 665 00:29:35,169 --> 00:29:30,860 walked into his office he's on the phone 666 00:29:37,150 --> 00:29:35,179 I leaned in like this they go hey I got 667 00:29:40,620 --> 00:29:37,160 a isn't he's on the phone he covers up 668 00:29:44,919 --> 00:29:40,630 receiver he says it was only one planet 669 00:29:48,940 --> 00:29:44,929 and thus began the flood of over 4000 670 00:29:53,080 --> 00:29:48,950 confirmed planets now with suggestions 671 00:29:57,490 --> 00:29:53,090 that there are potentially minimally 25 672 00:29:59,350 --> 00:29:57,500 million and as many as I got a rap 673 00:30:07,030 --> 00:29:59,360 gentle makers were coming back stand by 674 00:30:08,799 --> 00:30:07,040 you bet in three two one go alright 675 00:30:12,150 --> 00:30:08,809 welcome back to the show I'm Martin 676 00:30:15,790 --> 00:30:12,160 Willis your host my guest tonight is the 677 00:30:18,130 --> 00:30:15,800 great one and only mark the Antonio and 678 00:30:22,090 --> 00:30:18,140 we were talking where I think we kind of 679 00:30:24,580 --> 00:30:22,100 can finish up on the the black hole that 680 00:30:26,380 --> 00:30:24,590 whole situation although it's such a 681 00:30:29,260 --> 00:30:26,390 still so many mysteries and the 682 00:30:31,600 --> 00:30:29,270 different things that happen to sons you 683 00:30:34,570 --> 00:30:31,610 know and and does this whole thing you 684 00:30:37,060 --> 00:30:34,580 know fall apart and then come back 685 00:30:39,760 --> 00:30:37,070 together someday you know I I understand 686 00:30:41,530 --> 00:30:39,770 there's certain stars it in a certain 687 00:30:44,799 --> 00:30:41,540 state that can last a trillion years 688 00:30:46,510 --> 00:30:44,809 with the fuel they have yeah those are 689 00:30:47,860 --> 00:30:46,520 the little percolators I call know 690 00:30:50,710 --> 00:30:47,870 they're there the red dwarfs there 691 00:30:52,210 --> 00:30:50,720 they're m-type stars not to be confused 692 00:30:53,650 --> 00:30:52,220 with m-class planets and star trek 693 00:30:57,580 --> 00:30:53,660 because that wasn't the thing but 694 00:31:00,370 --> 00:30:57,590 m-class stars are very cool stars 695 00:31:04,630 --> 00:31:00,380 meaning they're only 3000 Kelvin on 696 00:31:06,480 --> 00:31:04,640 their surfaces okay just a few thousand 697 00:31:08,110 --> 00:31:06,490 degrees fahrenheit in other words and 698 00:31:10,780 --> 00:31:08,120 the 699 00:31:13,240 --> 00:31:10,790 stars can live literally last for 700 00:31:15,670 --> 00:31:13,250 trillions of years potentially and and 701 00:31:17,620 --> 00:31:15,680 they are the most numerous star in the 702 00:31:21,040 --> 00:31:17,630 entire universe there's more of those 703 00:31:23,170 --> 00:31:21,050 types of stars than any other and as it 704 00:31:25,540 --> 00:31:23,180 turns out in looking at the data and 705 00:31:28,770 --> 00:31:25,550 looking at all the science it seems 706 00:31:35,040 --> 00:31:28,780 we're not off when we suggest that maybe 707 00:31:38,290 --> 00:31:35,050 maybe there's a strong likelihood I 708 00:31:40,480 --> 00:31:38,300 should say that there's more planets 709 00:31:43,330 --> 00:31:40,490 than there are stars in the universe and 710 00:31:47,890 --> 00:31:43,340 that's not unfounded based on the 711 00:31:51,250 --> 00:31:47,900 science that's right and how many have 712 00:31:54,060 --> 00:31:51,260 they discovered a certain amount of what 713 00:31:56,440 --> 00:31:54,070 they call planets in the Goldilocks zone 714 00:31:57,910 --> 00:31:56,450 yeah the habitable planets that's right 715 00:32:01,300 --> 00:31:57,920 I mean there's a certain percentage of 716 00:32:04,180 --> 00:32:01,310 these that have been discovered that we 717 00:32:06,150 --> 00:32:04,190 can extrapolate to the population of our 718 00:32:08,110 --> 00:32:06,160 galaxy as a whole for instance however 719 00:32:11,230 --> 00:32:08,120 the search for planets around other 720 00:32:15,460 --> 00:32:11,240 stars you know it it's limited only to 721 00:32:17,500 --> 00:32:15,470 our galaxy now but we can also there's 722 00:32:20,350 --> 00:32:17,510 there's some research that shows extra 723 00:32:24,220 --> 00:32:20,360 galactic planets that might be 724 00:32:25,690 --> 00:32:24,230 detectable based on the way we're seeing 725 00:32:28,270 --> 00:32:25,700 the light change because you know 726 00:32:30,340 --> 00:32:28,280 dimming light can be seen for you know a 727 00:32:33,700 --> 00:32:30,350 long way away many millions of light 728 00:32:35,670 --> 00:32:33,710 years even so in our neighborhood well 729 00:32:40,330 --> 00:32:35,680 in our galaxy those is our neighborhood 730 00:32:42,010 --> 00:32:40,340 right yeah our galaxy is 100,000 light 731 00:32:43,570 --> 00:32:42,020 years across or so it's gonna take light 732 00:32:45,220 --> 00:32:43,580 a hundred thousand years to cross it in 733 00:32:46,900 --> 00:32:45,230 lights the fastest thing we know in the 734 00:32:48,490 --> 00:32:46,910 universe and it still is gonna take a 735 00:32:50,890 --> 00:32:48,500 hundred thousand years to cross just our 736 00:32:53,560 --> 00:32:50,900 galaxy and there's over two trillion 737 00:32:56,140 --> 00:32:53,570 other galaxies potentially so that said 738 00:32:59,230 --> 00:32:56,150 all that said that understanding in our 739 00:33:02,890 --> 00:32:59,240 galaxy alone there is anywhere from 25 740 00:33:07,630 --> 00:33:02,900 million at the low end to maybe as high 741 00:33:10,120 --> 00:33:07,640 as 20 billion earth-like planets that 742 00:33:11,380 --> 00:33:10,130 means planets that have the capability 743 00:33:13,210 --> 00:33:11,390 of having liquid water on their surface 744 00:33:16,210 --> 00:33:13,220 that means they're in the not too hot 745 00:33:17,410 --> 00:33:16,220 not too cold Goldilocks zone and where 746 00:33:19,810 --> 00:33:17,420 those numbers come from those numbers 747 00:33:22,770 --> 00:33:19,820 come from you know not my head those 748 00:33:26,490 --> 00:33:22,780 numbers come from studies that have 749 00:33:29,160 --> 00:33:26,500 by Italian teams and other other teams 750 00:33:32,040 --> 00:33:29,170 and they're actually looking at the 751 00:33:34,110 --> 00:33:32,050 famous Drake Equation Frank Drake had an 752 00:33:36,360 --> 00:33:34,120 equation that he used to calculate the 753 00:33:38,580 --> 00:33:36,370 probability of life in the universe and 754 00:33:42,450 --> 00:33:38,590 without being able to plug in any data 755 00:33:44,670 --> 00:33:42,460 for the modern understanding of planets 756 00:33:47,250 --> 00:33:44,680 around other stars it was a very 757 00:33:51,660 --> 00:33:47,260 pessimistic view however now with the 758 00:33:54,210 --> 00:33:51,670 new data the numbers turn out and churn 759 00:33:56,280 --> 00:33:54,220 out a different value for the potential 760 00:33:58,200 --> 00:33:56,290 planets around other stars and potential 761 00:34:02,850 --> 00:33:58,210 life-bearing planets potential 762 00:34:05,010 --> 00:34:02,860 intelligence possibly and there's like I 763 00:34:07,590 --> 00:34:05,020 said looking at just the planets that 764 00:34:09,720 --> 00:34:07,600 can support life like us carbon-based 765 00:34:14,510 --> 00:34:09,730 bilateral symmetric used oxygen to make 766 00:34:17,610 --> 00:34:14,520 energy for our cells that particular 767 00:34:22,310 --> 00:34:17,620 conundrum leads us to that those numbers 768 00:34:27,120 --> 00:34:22,320 I mentioned those are 25 million to say 769 00:34:28,830 --> 00:34:27,130 to say 20 billion other planets just 770 00:34:32,250 --> 00:34:28,840 like the earth and that's just in our 771 00:34:34,800 --> 00:34:32,260 galaxy and then there are those one or 772 00:34:37,700 --> 00:34:34,810 two trillion other galaxies so it's 773 00:34:40,410 --> 00:34:37,710 stupendous it's colossal it's fantastic 774 00:34:42,540 --> 00:34:40,420 it's all those words we make up to 775 00:34:45,270 --> 00:34:42,550 describe really cool things we're 776 00:34:46,620 --> 00:34:45,280 getting that digital noise again you did 777 00:34:49,370 --> 00:34:46,630 so I don't know whatever you did can you 778 00:34:52,800 --> 00:34:49,380 do that again so it doesn't come across 779 00:34:55,230 --> 00:34:52,810 well that's actually you know you're 780 00:34:56,850 --> 00:34:55,240 hearing leapers not that little sound 781 00:34:59,550 --> 00:34:56,860 you're hearing is the USB kicking in 782 00:35:02,400 --> 00:34:59,560 saying hey I'm detaching a USB thing hey 783 00:35:04,860 --> 00:35:02,410 I'm attaching a USB thing except that 784 00:35:07,350 --> 00:35:04,870 it's based on electric charges that are 785 00:35:10,350 --> 00:35:07,360 errantly flowing through my desk here 786 00:35:12,540 --> 00:35:10,360 and through the air probably because 787 00:35:14,010 --> 00:35:12,550 this is Connecticut it's still chilly 788 00:35:15,840 --> 00:35:14,020 here and I actually have a heater 789 00:35:17,610 --> 00:35:15,850 running in here which dries the air and 790 00:35:21,600 --> 00:35:17,620 makes everything a little bit more 791 00:35:26,250 --> 00:35:21,610 staticky I'll try to sit sit still no 792 00:35:28,170 --> 00:35:26,260 that's why well and so let's listen to 793 00:35:31,350 --> 00:35:28,180 talk about a couple of things well 794 00:35:32,820 --> 00:35:31,360 getting back to the the planets that 795 00:35:35,400 --> 00:35:32,830 could support life and possibly 796 00:35:35,820 --> 00:35:35,410 intelligent life I've asked this 797 00:35:38,270 --> 00:35:35,830 question 798 00:35:42,480 --> 00:35:38,280 a number of people a speculating 799 00:35:45,180 --> 00:35:42,490 question of course that is why if we are 800 00:35:48,000 --> 00:35:45,190 being visited and they are coming from 801 00:35:50,370 --> 00:35:48,010 out there let's just I'm just gonna 802 00:35:52,560 --> 00:35:50,380 throw a lot of things out here because I 803 00:35:54,690 --> 00:35:52,570 never say that I I know what things are 804 00:35:57,180 --> 00:35:54,700 that are showing up here I'm never gonna 805 00:35:58,350 --> 00:35:57,190 say there's aliens inside but it's a 806 00:36:00,930 --> 00:35:58,360 possibility it's one of the 807 00:36:04,680 --> 00:36:00,940 possibilities and so let's just say we 808 00:36:05,730 --> 00:36:04,690 are being visited by an intelligent life 809 00:36:08,760 --> 00:36:05,740 from another planet 810 00:36:14,190 --> 00:36:08,770 why here if there are so many other 811 00:36:17,280 --> 00:36:14,200 possibilities of planets well there's a 812 00:36:20,880 --> 00:36:17,290 logical answer to that and it comes down 813 00:36:22,290 --> 00:36:20,890 to the fact that when we talked to or 814 00:36:24,180 --> 00:36:22,300 when you when you heard from Stephen 815 00:36:27,690 --> 00:36:24,190 Hawking some years ago he suggested that 816 00:36:29,490 --> 00:36:27,700 we keep a low profile don't expose 817 00:36:31,290 --> 00:36:29,500 ourselves to alien life just sort of 818 00:36:35,010 --> 00:36:31,300 hide keep earth quiet out of the way 819 00:36:36,560 --> 00:36:35,020 because we very rightly could fear what 820 00:36:40,320 --> 00:36:36,570 they may bring to us right 821 00:36:43,740 --> 00:36:40,330 well is it turns out Stephen Hawking 822 00:36:47,580 --> 00:36:43,750 didn't account for the fact that the 823 00:36:51,050 --> 00:36:47,590 earth has an oxygen atmosphere and the 824 00:36:56,280 --> 00:36:51,060 oxygen atmosphere started to build up 825 00:37:00,060 --> 00:36:56,290 2.7 billion years ago so at some point 826 00:37:03,480 --> 00:37:00,070 along the way a civilizations gonna say 827 00:37:06,240 --> 00:37:03,490 hey we're carbon-based if they are and 828 00:37:08,070 --> 00:37:06,250 we need oxygen so let's look for planets 829 00:37:11,820 --> 00:37:08,080 that have oxygen in their atmospheres 830 00:37:14,880 --> 00:37:11,830 and we're doing that now that's what we 831 00:37:16,980 --> 00:37:14,890 want to do the James Webb telescope is 832 00:37:18,690 --> 00:37:16,990 going to infer that there's oxygen in an 833 00:37:21,090 --> 00:37:18,700 atmosphere by looking for carbon dioxide 834 00:37:23,310 --> 00:37:21,100 and methane and if it can see it because 835 00:37:25,560 --> 00:37:23,320 oxygen you know the the spectrum of 836 00:37:27,060 --> 00:37:25,570 oxygen would show up is in the visible 837 00:37:28,680 --> 00:37:27,070 part of the spectrum and the James Webb 838 00:37:31,020 --> 00:37:28,690 doesn't do that the James Webb looks at 839 00:37:33,390 --> 00:37:31,030 infrared but they can infer that there's 840 00:37:36,530 --> 00:37:33,400 oxygen present based on the quantities 841 00:37:39,720 --> 00:37:36,540 of these other materials so that said 842 00:37:41,940 --> 00:37:39,730 we're doing this now and we're in our 843 00:37:43,890 --> 00:37:41,950 infancy when it comes to finding other 844 00:37:46,310 --> 00:37:43,900 worlds we can't even leave this planet 845 00:37:49,470 --> 00:37:46,320 and go to another world with any kind of 846 00:37:53,940 --> 00:37:49,480 speed or any kind of 847 00:37:57,780 --> 00:37:53,950 capability so if another civilization is 848 00:37:59,539 --> 00:37:57,790 only safe 500 years ahead of us and it's 849 00:38:02,549 --> 00:37:59,549 ludicrous to think that they're not 850 00:38:04,559 --> 00:38:02,559 they're probably gonna be say half a 851 00:38:07,530 --> 00:38:04,569 million years ahead of us maybe or a 852 00:38:10,140 --> 00:38:07,540 billion years even can work ahead of us 853 00:38:11,940 --> 00:38:10,150 if that's the case they would have 854 00:38:13,710 --> 00:38:11,950 discovered that oxygen in an atmosphere 855 00:38:16,470 --> 00:38:13,720 is a very important thing to look for 856 00:38:18,990 --> 00:38:16,480 and they would probably have done a 857 00:38:21,930 --> 00:38:19,000 survey of all the stars they can see in 858 00:38:22,980 --> 00:38:21,940 the galaxy and said give us all the 859 00:38:25,020 --> 00:38:22,990 candidates torg 860 00:38:26,490 --> 00:38:25,030 you know torque is the guy that gets a 861 00:38:29,190 --> 00:38:26,500 sign that see in the alien world 862 00:38:31,680 --> 00:38:29,200 so torque has to go and make a 863 00:38:34,589 --> 00:38:31,690 compendium for the High Council whatever 864 00:38:36,359 --> 00:38:34,599 it is on their planet and that council 865 00:38:38,280 --> 00:38:36,369 is going to look at all these oxygen 866 00:38:39,870 --> 00:38:38,290 atmosphere planets and then they have to 867 00:38:44,880 --> 00:38:39,880 go and figure out if they're gonna go to 868 00:38:46,859 --> 00:38:44,890 them so you say why us well we have a 869 00:38:51,030 --> 00:38:46,869 very very high abundance of oxygen in 870 00:38:53,430 --> 00:38:51,040 our atmosphere and you would go to a 871 00:38:55,230 --> 00:38:53,440 planet that has oxygen for one reason 872 00:38:58,799 --> 00:38:55,240 not because it might be able to support 873 00:39:02,370 --> 00:38:58,809 you but because it's already supporting 874 00:39:05,730 --> 00:39:02,380 something alive and the reason is 875 00:39:07,799 --> 00:39:05,740 because oxygen doesn't like to stay in 876 00:39:09,390 --> 00:39:07,809 the air and just sort of float around hi 877 00:39:11,670 --> 00:39:09,400 I'm an oxygen atom yeah me too you know 878 00:39:13,470 --> 00:39:11,680 I mean they don't like that they want to 879 00:39:14,880 --> 00:39:13,480 go down into the crust they want to bind 880 00:39:17,400 --> 00:39:14,890 with other things you want to bind with 881 00:39:21,990 --> 00:39:17,410 iron and become Fe 2 O 3 which is rust 882 00:39:25,049 --> 00:39:22,000 okay they want to go and become other 883 00:39:26,490 --> 00:39:25,059 materials to form carbonate ions or 884 00:39:29,069 --> 00:39:26,500 carbonate compounds you know like 885 00:39:30,809 --> 00:39:29,079 calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate 886 00:39:32,880 --> 00:39:30,819 they want to form other things 887 00:39:37,430 --> 00:39:32,890 oxygen is a tremendous atom for doing 888 00:39:39,390 --> 00:39:37,440 that it loves to oxidize so that said 889 00:39:42,349 --> 00:39:39,400 oxygen in an atmosphere would be 890 00:39:45,150 --> 00:39:42,359 depleted after just a few million years 891 00:39:47,789 --> 00:39:45,160 and if we have it in our atmosphere and 892 00:39:49,650 --> 00:39:47,799 a civilization is watching this planet 893 00:39:52,890 --> 00:39:49,660 and they notice that there's no real 894 00:39:56,130 --> 00:39:52,900 relative change in the oxygen level what 895 00:39:57,720 --> 00:39:56,140 does that tell you tells you that oxygen 896 00:40:00,490 --> 00:39:57,730 is being replenished 897 00:40:04,480 --> 00:40:00,500 uh-huh replenished 898 00:40:07,690 --> 00:40:04,490 by what cookie life that's replenishing 899 00:40:10,720 --> 00:40:07,700 it so they'll bet as a this planet very 900 00:40:12,460 --> 00:40:10,730 likely has some form of life and then 901 00:40:15,550 --> 00:40:12,470 tor gets a medal you know and they 902 00:40:17,680 --> 00:40:15,560 promote it yeah 903 00:40:19,240 --> 00:40:17,690 so yeah I've wondered about that and the 904 00:40:22,240 --> 00:40:19,250 James Webb that will be really 905 00:40:24,730 --> 00:40:22,250 interesting you know may may put SETI 906 00:40:26,800 --> 00:40:24,740 out of business you never know I don't 907 00:40:28,450 --> 00:40:26,810 know but you know I get it I also add 908 00:40:30,580 --> 00:40:28,460 one little thing too and that is you 909 00:40:32,920 --> 00:40:30,590 know a lot of people say that you know 910 00:40:34,060 --> 00:40:32,930 well we have a really odd situation here 911 00:40:37,480 --> 00:40:34,070 because we have a moon 912 00:40:39,190 --> 00:40:37,490 okay our moon you see this is them 913 00:40:41,140 --> 00:40:39,200 talking about there aren't our moon has 914 00:40:43,240 --> 00:40:41,150 made it possible for life to exist here 915 00:40:45,580 --> 00:40:43,250 without the moon life couldn't exist I 916 00:40:49,060 --> 00:40:45,590 don't know this is the moon okay 917 00:40:50,440 --> 00:40:49,070 this is a 3d printed this moon and this 918 00:40:52,990 --> 00:40:50,450 this moon okay 919 00:40:58,350 --> 00:40:53,000 it is sort of oblong because the real 920 00:41:03,130 --> 00:40:58,360 moon is oblong and its presence here I 921 00:41:06,820 --> 00:41:03,140 argue doesn't help us I think that 922 00:41:08,860 --> 00:41:06,830 traditionally it's hurt us and because 923 00:41:10,180 --> 00:41:08,870 the reason is that well people say well 924 00:41:13,990 --> 00:41:10,190 without the moon we don't have tides 925 00:41:16,270 --> 00:41:14,000 right wrong we do have tides they're 926 00:41:19,210 --> 00:41:16,280 just half the size now why isn't the Sun 927 00:41:21,340 --> 00:41:19,220 that's right yeah Martin Willis gets a 928 00:41:23,650 --> 00:41:21,350 gold star and he knows he knows you know 929 00:41:25,750 --> 00:41:23,660 what's going on here so yeah that's 930 00:41:29,110 --> 00:41:25,760 right so that's saying he's the guy he's 931 00:41:31,720 --> 00:41:29,120 a guy so that said okay when we look at 932 00:41:34,630 --> 00:41:31,730 the the tides from the Sun we would 933 00:41:37,390 --> 00:41:34,640 still get tidal pools we would still get 934 00:41:40,480 --> 00:41:37,400 fish left out into the atmosphere for a 935 00:41:43,200 --> 00:41:40,490 period of time and then they have to you 936 00:41:46,420 --> 00:41:43,210 know wait for that water to come back in 937 00:41:48,760 --> 00:41:46,430 and they would still adapt to being air 938 00:41:50,830 --> 00:41:48,770 breathers as well because that tidal 939 00:41:55,060 --> 00:41:50,840 pool mechanism is what's thought to have 940 00:41:57,510 --> 00:41:55,070 assisted in that process so that said I 941 00:42:01,240 --> 00:41:57,520 think that you know without the moon 942 00:42:04,030 --> 00:42:01,250 several things would have changed first 943 00:42:07,480 --> 00:42:04,040 of all our orbit tilted the way it is 944 00:42:09,370 --> 00:42:07,490 might not have been that if the initial 945 00:42:12,880 --> 00:42:09,380 collision that took the moon out of the 946 00:42:14,109 --> 00:42:12,890 Earth's primordial earth as the theory 947 00:42:17,559 --> 00:42:14,119 goes right we had the earth 948 00:42:20,200 --> 00:42:17,569 we had the moon blasted out okay by an 949 00:42:22,120 --> 00:42:20,210 impact with another object okay so this 950 00:42:24,339 --> 00:42:22,130 object hits the earth and boom this this 951 00:42:26,230 --> 00:42:24,349 this molten blob comes out and if she 952 00:42:28,390 --> 00:42:26,240 comes the moon eventually but if you 953 00:42:29,980 --> 00:42:28,400 noticed on our moon and you can't really 954 00:42:32,529 --> 00:42:29,990 see that there but there are more 955 00:42:33,999 --> 00:42:32,539 craters the craters have craters okay on 956 00:42:36,450 --> 00:42:34,009 this moon all right 957 00:42:38,529 --> 00:42:36,460 the craters have craters and that 958 00:42:40,180 --> 00:42:38,539 indicates that there was lots of 959 00:42:41,799 --> 00:42:40,190 bombardment going on a lot of things 960 00:42:43,809 --> 00:42:41,809 flying around the early solar system 961 00:42:46,109 --> 00:42:43,819 they clobbered earth that clobbered 962 00:42:51,009 --> 00:42:46,119 Mercury it clobbered Venus it clobbered 963 00:42:54,099 --> 00:42:51,019 the moon it clobbered Mars all right and 964 00:42:56,950 --> 00:42:54,109 the asteroids well those could never be 965 00:42:58,509 --> 00:42:56,960 a planet because of Jupiter so really 966 00:43:00,430 --> 00:42:58,519 what we're talking about is all this 967 00:43:04,239 --> 00:43:00,440 debris flying around in the early solar 968 00:43:05,739 --> 00:43:04,249 system is part of what caused a lot of 969 00:43:07,089 --> 00:43:05,749 the craters on the moon but when the 970 00:43:09,249 --> 00:43:07,099 moon was formed a lot of debris was 971 00:43:10,630 --> 00:43:09,259 formed with it and that also was 972 00:43:13,539 --> 00:43:10,640 responsible for what you're seeing on 973 00:43:15,609 --> 00:43:13,549 the moon now the moon is also got 974 00:43:17,470 --> 00:43:15,619 gravity now this thing is one-sixth the 975 00:43:18,069 --> 00:43:17,480 size of our planet okay our plan is a 976 00:43:21,130 --> 00:43:18,079 lot bigger 977 00:43:23,739 --> 00:43:21,140 however it has gravity a significant 978 00:43:25,870 --> 00:43:23,749 gravity so that anything that's in our 979 00:43:28,749 --> 00:43:25,880 neighborhood if it's on the fence about 980 00:43:29,859 --> 00:43:28,759 coming toward the earth the earth by the 981 00:43:31,210 --> 00:43:29,869 weight there's a moon I'm gonna go 982 00:43:33,069 --> 00:43:31,220 because the moon is gonna help pull it 983 00:43:36,430 --> 00:43:33,079 in so the moon is gonna add that 984 00:43:39,759 --> 00:43:36,440 additional kick to an object that's in 985 00:43:41,859 --> 00:43:39,769 the earth-moon arena area okay and bring 986 00:43:44,559 --> 00:43:41,869 it closer to the earth and possibly hit 987 00:43:49,019 --> 00:43:44,569 the earth we've had five major 988 00:43:51,400 --> 00:43:49,029 extinction events on the planet right so 989 00:43:54,249 --> 00:43:51,410 several of them we had one we had 990 00:43:56,049 --> 00:43:54,259 several impacts but some of them were 991 00:43:59,710 --> 00:43:56,059 changes in biodiversity on the planet 992 00:44:02,680 --> 00:43:59,720 but some impacts had a tremendous effect 993 00:44:03,729 --> 00:44:02,690 on life and our planet is actually very 994 00:44:06,220 --> 00:44:03,739 dynamic okay 995 00:44:10,390 --> 00:44:06,230 could have been volcanoes that wiped out 996 00:44:11,890 --> 00:44:10,400 the the would be mammals 252 million 997 00:44:14,200 --> 00:44:11,900 years ago when they were dominant on the 998 00:44:16,239 --> 00:44:14,210 planet okay the things it would become 999 00:44:18,729 --> 00:44:16,249 us like well mammals okay 1000 00:44:20,229 --> 00:44:18,739 they were dominant and then there was 1001 00:44:22,450 --> 00:44:20,239 this large eruption in what's now 1002 00:44:26,559 --> 00:44:22,460 Siberia the Permian of traps during the 1003 00:44:27,480 --> 00:44:26,569 Permian era and that once there was once 1004 00:44:30,660 --> 00:44:27,490 that LA 1005 00:44:32,100 --> 00:44:30,670 cap was you know once that lava went 1006 00:44:33,810 --> 00:44:32,110 around the edge that magma went around 1007 00:44:36,359 --> 00:44:33,820 the edge of this cap that was formed 1008 00:44:38,790 --> 00:44:36,369 over this this volcanic area that stuff 1009 00:44:41,160 --> 00:44:38,800 exploded into the atmosphere with many 1010 00:44:44,370 --> 00:44:41,170 Giga tons that's billions of tons of co2 1011 00:44:49,370 --> 00:44:44,380 and almost overnight relatively speaking 1012 00:44:52,109 --> 00:44:49,380 the oceans were toxic and oxygen stopped 1013 00:44:54,090 --> 00:44:52,119 you know entering the oceans and stopped 1014 00:44:56,640 --> 00:44:54,100 dissolving into the seawater in fact it 1015 00:44:59,910 --> 00:44:56,650 came out and a lot of life died the 1016 00:45:01,560 --> 00:44:59,920 ocean temperatures rose 24 degrees while 1017 00:45:04,260 --> 00:45:01,570 the planetary temperature rose 24 1018 00:45:06,660 --> 00:45:04,270 degrees over time oceans followed so 1019 00:45:09,720 --> 00:45:06,670 that was that change caused massive 1020 00:45:12,660 --> 00:45:09,730 upheaval in the life and over several 1021 00:45:15,540 --> 00:45:12,670 million years that the full weight of 1022 00:45:17,820 --> 00:45:15,550 that extinction event hit and mammals 1023 00:45:20,970 --> 00:45:17,830 were all but wiped out and another 1024 00:45:23,130 --> 00:45:20,980 life-form came to the forefront as the 1025 00:45:25,950 --> 00:45:23,140 king at that point and it turned out 1026 00:45:28,020 --> 00:45:25,960 that they were reptiles and so way back 1027 00:45:30,660 --> 00:45:28,030 then because of that extinction event 1028 00:45:32,250 --> 00:45:30,670 that happened all right an earth born 1029 00:45:35,730 --> 00:45:32,260 extinction event from the from the 1030 00:45:38,250 --> 00:45:35,740 volcanic eruptions we ended up with the 1031 00:45:40,290 --> 00:45:38,260 age of the dinosaurs and so that's why 1032 00:45:42,359 --> 00:45:40,300 the dinosaurs came to this planet well 1033 00:45:44,430 --> 00:45:42,369 came in to the forefront on the planet 1034 00:45:47,370 --> 00:45:44,440 and then 65 million years ago you know 1035 00:45:48,920 --> 00:45:47,380 how the dinosaurs were rendered extinct 1036 00:45:51,510 --> 00:45:48,930 by the asteroid strike off the Yucatan 1037 00:45:53,190 --> 00:45:51,520 we call that the Chicxulub impact of the 1038 00:45:54,720 --> 00:45:53,200 Cretaceous Paleogene boundary event 1039 00:45:56,130 --> 00:45:54,730 whatever you want to call it we just 1040 00:45:58,830 --> 00:45:56,140 call it dinosaur was killed by the 1041 00:46:01,770 --> 00:45:58,840 asteroid and when that happened that 1042 00:46:04,410 --> 00:46:01,780 many millions of years ago that paved 1043 00:46:05,820 --> 00:46:04,420 the way for the mammals to have a 1044 00:46:08,700 --> 00:46:05,830 resurgence and to come back 1045 00:46:10,859 --> 00:46:08,710 hey the mammals can come back now and so 1046 00:46:13,530 --> 00:46:10,869 out of the shadows came what would be us 1047 00:46:15,960 --> 00:46:13,540 eventually and that led down that 1048 00:46:20,580 --> 00:46:15,970 circuitous path that we followed in 1049 00:46:22,830 --> 00:46:20,590 evolution to get to us so maybe this guy 1050 00:46:26,010 --> 00:46:22,840 wasn't so helpful to us maybe this guy 1051 00:46:27,510 --> 00:46:26,020 is the reason that the dinosaurs died 1052 00:46:29,670 --> 00:46:27,520 maybe this guy is the reason that all 1053 00:46:31,170 --> 00:46:29,680 the other impacts occurred you know so 1054 00:46:36,120 --> 00:46:31,180 maybe it wasn't such a help after all 1055 00:46:36,330 --> 00:46:36,130 however I will say that we are what we 1056 00:46:39,330 --> 00:46:36,340 are 1057 00:46:40,830 --> 00:46:39,340 now we through evolution through all 1058 00:46:41,370 --> 00:46:40,840 these extinction events look like this 1059 00:46:44,100 --> 00:46:41,380 where the 1060 00:46:46,890 --> 00:46:44,110 little tiny weak frail things you know 1061 00:46:50,550 --> 00:46:46,900 and that Star Trek episode ugly bags of 1062 00:46:53,760 --> 00:46:50,560 water remember that kind of what we are 1063 00:46:59,510 --> 00:46:53,770 in a sense and so as these ugly bags of 1064 00:47:06,470 --> 00:46:59,520 water we are superior by intellect only 1065 00:47:09,840 --> 00:47:06,480 not by structure not by not by force of 1066 00:47:11,340 --> 00:47:09,850 strength and so forth so but that's our 1067 00:47:13,200 --> 00:47:11,350 intellect which brings us to dominance 1068 00:47:14,730 --> 00:47:13,210 on the planet so if there's another 1069 00:47:17,040 --> 00:47:14,740 life-form somewhere else right that 1070 00:47:20,340 --> 00:47:17,050 could happen there that can happen there 1071 00:47:22,020 --> 00:47:20,350 too so maybe in a planet on a planet 1072 00:47:25,400 --> 00:47:22,030 that didn't have as many extinction 1073 00:47:28,920 --> 00:47:25,410 events maybe those life forms developed 1074 00:47:32,070 --> 00:47:28,930 faster and more intelligently what if 1075 00:47:34,380 --> 00:47:32,080 the Permian extinction didn't happen 252 1076 00:47:36,420 --> 00:47:34,390 million years ago we certainly wouldn't 1077 00:47:38,910 --> 00:47:36,430 be having this conversation had we had 1078 00:47:41,070 --> 00:47:38,920 we come to dominance again as an 1079 00:47:43,530 --> 00:47:41,080 intelligent species I mean we wouldn't 1080 00:47:47,250 --> 00:47:43,540 have this conversation on a little 1081 00:47:49,290 --> 00:47:47,260 measly computer this would all be a 1082 00:47:51,540 --> 00:47:49,300 mental thing done maybe with telepathy 1083 00:47:53,570 --> 00:47:51,550 or some type of other process because we 1084 00:47:57,210 --> 00:47:53,580 would have been millions of years along 1085 00:47:59,460 --> 00:47:57,220 in a species evolution if we didn't wipe 1086 00:48:03,450 --> 00:47:59,470 ourselves out from something else that's 1087 00:48:05,580 --> 00:48:03,460 unforeseen as of yet you know or maybe 1088 00:48:07,650 --> 00:48:05,590 you know if a pandemic didn't kill the 1089 00:48:11,760 --> 00:48:07,660 entire race which typically they don't 1090 00:48:15,540 --> 00:48:11,770 yeah clearly gonna get people worried 1091 00:48:18,570 --> 00:48:15,550 now hey so what about Jupiter if Jupiter 1092 00:48:21,300 --> 00:48:18,580 never it wasn't part of our solar system 1093 00:48:23,820 --> 00:48:21,310 would we get clobbered a lot more do you 1094 00:48:26,040 --> 00:48:23,830 think yes that's a very good possibility 1095 00:48:28,290 --> 00:48:26,050 because Jupiter is what I call the 1096 00:48:30,330 --> 00:48:28,300 shepherd of the outer solar system you 1097 00:48:33,180 --> 00:48:30,340 know you have Mercury Venus Earth and 1098 00:48:35,580 --> 00:48:33,190 then you have Mars and I'll be on Mars 1099 00:48:36,840 --> 00:48:35,590 we have this this ring of asteroids all 1100 00:48:39,600 --> 00:48:36,850 right and this ring of asteroids out 1101 00:48:41,040 --> 00:48:39,610 there if you made it all into a planet 1102 00:48:42,900 --> 00:48:41,050 it would be something that's only about 1103 00:48:44,580 --> 00:48:42,910 a quarter of the size of the moon so 1104 00:48:47,250 --> 00:48:44,590 it's not like it could be a giant planet 1105 00:48:48,720 --> 00:48:47,260 okay so that that's how much mass is 1106 00:48:51,650 --> 00:48:48,730 there so it doesn't sound like a lot 1107 00:48:55,109 --> 00:48:51,660 when you break it out like that but 1108 00:48:57,089 --> 00:48:55,119 there's many many hundreds of 1109 00:49:01,079 --> 00:48:57,099 millions of these out there and some of 1110 00:49:04,140 --> 00:49:01,089 them are half a mile long a mile long 2 1111 00:49:06,779 --> 00:49:04,150 miles 3 miles you know or kilometers you 1112 00:49:08,940 --> 00:49:06,789 know 10 20 kilometers you know and so 1113 00:49:10,650 --> 00:49:08,950 when you when you go down that path you 1114 00:49:13,200 --> 00:49:10,660 think about that if Jupiter wasn't there 1115 00:49:15,299 --> 00:49:13,210 then something else could have happened 1116 00:49:17,069 --> 00:49:15,309 Jupiter is responsible for actually 1117 00:49:18,660 --> 00:49:17,079 tugging on the asteroids it's going 1118 00:49:20,880 --> 00:49:18,670 around and its orbit okay 1119 00:49:22,650 --> 00:49:20,890 it actually tugs on the asteroids as it 1120 00:49:24,569 --> 00:49:22,660 goes around now the asteroids are closer 1121 00:49:26,849 --> 00:49:24,579 so they're moving a little faster but as 1122 00:49:29,339 --> 00:49:26,859 Jupiter goes around okay it's actually 1123 00:49:30,630 --> 00:49:29,349 tugging on these things and when it tugs 1124 00:49:33,180 --> 00:49:30,640 on them it pulls them a little bit 1125 00:49:35,460 --> 00:49:33,190 further you know out toward Jupiter and 1126 00:49:38,190 --> 00:49:35,470 then they relax now that's the reason 1127 00:49:39,239 --> 00:49:38,200 they never formed into a planetoid okay 1128 00:49:41,579 --> 00:49:39,249 or something the size of the moon 1129 00:49:47,220 --> 00:49:41,589 obviously fourth the size of the moon 1130 00:49:50,210 --> 00:49:47,230 but Jupiter as a shepherd it's been 1131 00:49:53,519 --> 00:49:50,220 holding a lot of those asteroids at bay 1132 00:49:56,640 --> 00:49:53,529 so it wouldn't be a good thing for us if 1133 00:49:58,799 --> 00:49:56,650 Jupiter went away or had never been we 1134 00:50:01,200 --> 00:49:58,809 might have never been because there 1135 00:50:05,009 --> 00:50:01,210 might have been other potential problems 1136 00:50:06,269 --> 00:50:05,019 that happened because of those asteroids 1137 00:50:09,569 --> 00:50:06,279 out there maybe they would have become a 1138 00:50:11,460 --> 00:50:09,579 moon around another planet but on the 1139 00:50:13,680 --> 00:50:11,470 other hand okay and this is why it's 1140 00:50:16,470 --> 00:50:13,690 such a tricky question really on the 1141 00:50:19,499 --> 00:50:16,480 other hand because Jupiter's there it 1142 00:50:21,839 --> 00:50:19,509 has been holding the asteroids sort of 1143 00:50:24,539 --> 00:50:21,849 in place and keeping them you know in 1144 00:50:26,609 --> 00:50:24,549 their own little channels but sometimes 1145 00:50:29,039 --> 00:50:26,619 there are problems and sometimes 1146 00:50:30,180 --> 00:50:29,049 asteroids do get away for instance the 1147 00:50:32,249 --> 00:50:30,190 Chicxulub impact the one I just 1148 00:50:34,380 --> 00:50:32,259 mentioned through contagious Paley gene 1149 00:50:36,950 --> 00:50:34,390 boundary the death of the dinosaurs okay 1150 00:50:41,249 --> 00:50:36,960 that was 65 million years ago right so 1151 00:50:45,809 --> 00:50:41,259 that asteroid that hit us that may not 1152 00:50:48,239 --> 00:50:45,819 have been a near-earth asteroid for its 1153 00:50:50,460 --> 00:50:48,249 entire time obviously it was it was a 1154 00:50:53,039 --> 00:50:50,470 near hit a straight was a major hit 1155 00:50:54,660 --> 00:50:53,049 asteroid at one point but before it was 1156 00:50:57,329 --> 00:50:54,670 that and before it was a near-earth 1157 00:50:59,400 --> 00:50:57,339 object it was out in our asteroid belt 1158 00:51:01,739 --> 00:50:59,410 and it got perturbed or disturbed 1159 00:51:04,380 --> 00:51:01,749 there's another word for that and moved 1160 00:51:07,109 --> 00:51:04,390 here and they think they identified the 1161 00:51:07,970 --> 00:51:07,119 asteroid family as something called a 1162 00:51:11,640 --> 00:51:07,980 Florian 1163 00:51:16,440 --> 00:51:11,650 and the fluorine family of asteroids is 1164 00:51:19,260 --> 00:51:16,450 one that could have spawned this this 1165 00:51:23,460 --> 00:51:19,270 killer rock that ended up striking the 1166 00:51:27,150 --> 00:51:23,470 planet but uh really interesting to read 1167 00:51:28,680 --> 00:51:27,160 on and you have to you have to spend a 1168 00:51:30,030 --> 00:51:28,690 lot more time trying to learn about it 1169 00:51:32,610 --> 00:51:30,040 but you know what you don't want to put 1170 00:51:37,280 --> 00:51:32,620 people to sleep now yeah well what about 1171 00:51:42,030 --> 00:51:37,290 this recent I what's it called 20/20 JJ 1172 00:51:45,180 --> 00:51:42,040 that we've been fairly close now and 1173 00:51:48,170 --> 00:51:45,190 2020 JJ was a near-earth object we call 1174 00:51:51,600 --> 00:51:48,180 any O's right and the nice thing about 1175 00:51:54,900 --> 00:51:51,610 the thing about 20/20 JJ is it was 1176 00:51:59,400 --> 00:51:54,910 really kind of small so at the size of 1177 00:52:03,150 --> 00:51:59,410 20/20 JJ the asteroid didn't really 1178 00:52:05,760 --> 00:52:03,160 stand a chance of hurting us okay it 1179 00:52:07,800 --> 00:52:05,770 kind of snuck past us alright it flew 1180 00:52:09,740 --> 00:52:07,810 about forty three or forty four hundred 1181 00:52:13,680 --> 00:52:09,750 miles over the Pacific Ocean 1182 00:52:16,320 --> 00:52:13,690 and it ended up passing really really 1183 00:52:19,080 --> 00:52:16,330 quickly by us now it only four thousand 1184 00:52:21,480 --> 00:52:19,090 miles away you say wow that's just like 1185 00:52:24,420 --> 00:52:21,490 that's like twice the distance from 1186 00:52:27,720 --> 00:52:24,430 Connecticut to like Arizona you know 1187 00:52:31,290 --> 00:52:27,730 yeah maybe just about that's that's 1188 00:52:33,300 --> 00:52:31,300 that's pretty close by but again it was 1189 00:52:35,700 --> 00:52:33,310 only like nine between nine and twenty 1190 00:52:37,050 --> 00:52:35,710 feet long and if you're like worried 1191 00:52:39,390 --> 00:52:37,060 that we don't know exactly how big it 1192 00:52:41,040 --> 00:52:39,400 was well you can also be worried about 1193 00:52:43,830 --> 00:52:41,050 the fact that we didn't see it until it 1194 00:52:46,370 --> 00:52:43,840 was already in here and and practically 1195 00:52:49,610 --> 00:52:46,380 passing over us that's when it was found 1196 00:52:51,690 --> 00:52:49,620 the thing is many of these asteroids 1197 00:52:54,450 --> 00:52:51,700 have been seen before 1198 00:52:56,280 --> 00:52:54,460 they've been cataloged before but 1199 00:52:59,910 --> 00:52:56,290 they're their orbits had not been 1200 00:53:02,100 --> 00:52:59,920 determined fully but between nine and 1201 00:53:03,630 --> 00:53:02,110 twenty feet for this asteroid not a 1202 00:53:05,820 --> 00:53:03,640 threat to us means something like that 1203 00:53:10,100 --> 00:53:05,830 would burn up in the atmosphere you know 1204 00:53:12,660 --> 00:53:10,110 so not a problem but and to our credit 1205 00:53:16,200 --> 00:53:12,670 we do find some of the bigger ones right 1206 00:53:18,930 --> 00:53:16,210 but there are ways and you know there 1207 00:53:21,200 --> 00:53:18,940 are ways for instance to to avoid an 1208 00:53:23,240 --> 00:53:21,210 asteroid strike let's say 1209 00:53:24,410 --> 00:53:23,250 let's say that we did find that there 1210 00:53:29,540 --> 00:53:24,420 was an asteroid that was going to strike 1211 00:53:32,450 --> 00:53:29,550 us and let's say that we wanted to make 1212 00:53:35,360 --> 00:53:32,460 sure it didn't happen well NASA 1213 00:53:37,910 --> 00:53:35,370 certainly does track these objects that 1214 00:53:39,710 --> 00:53:37,920 are dangerous all right and they keep a 1215 00:53:44,300 --> 00:53:39,720 list it's called the sentry list you 1216 00:53:46,520 --> 00:53:44,310 know ascentria cntry and the sentry list 1217 00:53:50,150 --> 00:53:46,530 has these dangerous potential dangerous 1218 00:53:53,000 --> 00:53:50,160 objects on them on it until the orbits 1219 00:53:54,950 --> 00:53:53,010 can be calculated and we can tell 1220 00:53:57,170 --> 00:53:54,960 whether it's ever gonna orbit orbit 1221 00:53:59,210 --> 00:53:57,180 orbit and then pow if it's never gonna 1222 00:54:02,570 --> 00:53:59,220 hit us and we see it it's not gonna hit 1223 00:54:05,480 --> 00:54:02,580 us it is taken off the list but if it's 1224 00:54:08,450 --> 00:54:05,490 gonna hit us that would be a problem so 1225 00:54:12,380 --> 00:54:08,460 far there's no no asteroids on the list 1226 00:54:14,330 --> 00:54:12,390 that are gonna hit us and so every 1227 00:54:17,270 --> 00:54:14,340 object that's found it's gonna go on 1228 00:54:18,740 --> 00:54:17,280 like a list and until it's orbital 1229 00:54:20,480 --> 00:54:18,750 elements are found and what are those 1230 00:54:22,550 --> 00:54:20,490 those are just the the parameters which 1231 00:54:24,650 --> 00:54:22,560 tell us what kind of an orbit it has 1232 00:54:26,960 --> 00:54:24,660 most likely it's gonna be an elliptical 1233 00:54:29,300 --> 00:54:26,970 orbit sometimes on these really really 1234 00:54:31,430 --> 00:54:29,310 highly elliptical orbits you know where 1235 00:54:33,830 --> 00:54:31,440 it goes faster at the ends like this and 1236 00:54:37,160 --> 00:54:33,840 then slow in the middle around the 1237 00:54:41,750 --> 00:54:37,170 gravitational part you know and those 1238 00:54:44,690 --> 00:54:41,760 types of objects when they are when 1239 00:54:46,910 --> 00:54:44,700 they're coming toward us sometimes we 1240 00:54:50,210 --> 00:54:46,920 only catch them a little at a time we 1241 00:54:52,490 --> 00:54:50,220 might see one or two shots of it 1242 00:54:55,720 --> 00:54:52,500 captured on a survey somewhere Mount 1243 00:54:59,780 --> 00:54:55,730 Lemmon does surveys the Atlas telescope 1244 00:55:02,540 --> 00:54:59,790 in Mauna Kea does surveys atlas stands 1245 00:55:05,560 --> 00:55:02,550 for asteroid terrestrial impact last 1246 00:55:08,780 --> 00:55:05,570 alert system and and that that 1247 00:55:10,850 --> 00:55:08,790 particular set of telescopes finds 1248 00:55:14,480 --> 00:55:10,860 things like comets in fact in skites or 1249 00:55:16,760 --> 00:55:14,490 a live stream the the companion stream 1250 00:55:18,770 --> 00:55:16,770 to the radio show on kgr a skites or 1251 00:55:21,050 --> 00:55:18,780 live stream in our Observatory we 1252 00:55:22,610 --> 00:55:21,060 actually show people live at night we 1253 00:55:24,740 --> 00:55:22,620 showed them the comment and we show them 1254 00:55:27,860 --> 00:55:24,750 things moving through the sky we watched 1255 00:55:31,850 --> 00:55:27,870 the an asteroid moving through the field 1256 00:55:33,170 --> 00:55:31,860 of view just a few nights ago and people 1257 00:55:34,520 --> 00:55:33,180 watched it and we talked about it and 1258 00:55:38,060 --> 00:55:34,530 you know I told people 1259 00:55:40,670 --> 00:55:38,070 and yes they had questions and so you 1260 00:55:44,870 --> 00:55:40,680 know these near-earth objects okay are 1261 00:55:48,050 --> 00:55:44,880 just a fascinating pile of rocks that 1262 00:55:50,240 --> 00:55:48,060 are potentially dangerous to us now 1263 00:55:51,410 --> 00:55:50,250 should they have something happen to 1264 00:55:54,650 --> 00:55:51,420 them say they collide 1265 00:55:57,050 --> 00:55:54,660 well that that think that that thing 1266 00:56:00,640 --> 00:55:57,060 could actually end up being having its 1267 00:56:03,790 --> 00:56:00,650 orbit changed into a dangerous spot so 1268 00:56:06,440 --> 00:56:03,800 we have to have a way of getting rid of 1269 00:56:08,810 --> 00:56:06,450 asteroids that are gonna be a threat to 1270 00:56:11,570 --> 00:56:08,820 us and now there's a few ways to do that 1271 00:56:15,110 --> 00:56:11,580 one of the ways is you've heard this I'm 1272 00:56:18,770 --> 00:56:15,120 sure launched a nuclear weapon and an 1273 00:56:24,230 --> 00:56:18,780 asteroid and you know hit it and then 1274 00:56:26,690 --> 00:56:24,240 blow it to pieces well not a totally 1275 00:56:28,520 --> 00:56:26,700 good idea but not a terrible idea either 1276 00:56:30,620 --> 00:56:28,530 if the alternative is for this giant 1277 00:56:31,880 --> 00:56:30,630 rock to hit the earth but we have to 1278 00:56:36,740 --> 00:56:31,890 understand something else about some 1279 00:56:39,080 --> 00:56:36,750 asteroids like Ben you okay be and then 1280 00:56:42,980 --> 00:56:39,090 you like asteroid Bennu asteroid Bennu 1281 00:56:46,100 --> 00:56:42,990 is more of a rubble pile held together 1282 00:56:48,230 --> 00:56:46,110 by its mutual gravity and if you were to 1283 00:56:50,740 --> 00:56:48,240 strike it it would just blow this rubble 1284 00:56:53,390 --> 00:56:50,750 out into all different directions and 1285 00:56:56,060 --> 00:56:53,400 that rubble going in all different 1286 00:56:58,940 --> 00:56:56,070 directions could end up striking the 1287 00:57:01,790 --> 00:56:58,950 earth with not just one asteroid object 1288 00:57:05,120 --> 00:57:01,800 but with a hundred thousand objects that 1289 00:57:06,400 --> 00:57:05,130 might actually be you know or more that 1290 00:57:10,040 --> 00:57:06,410 might actually heat up the atmosphere 1291 00:57:11,390 --> 00:57:10,050 cause fires all over the world and send 1292 00:57:14,420 --> 00:57:11,400 us right down the path of another 1293 00:57:17,570 --> 00:57:14,430 extinction so we have to be careful so a 1294 00:57:19,510 --> 00:57:17,580 nuclear weapon fired at an asteroid not 1295 00:57:24,410 --> 00:57:19,520 the best idea 1296 00:57:28,040 --> 00:57:24,420 another possibility is a nuclear weapon 1297 00:57:33,200 --> 00:57:28,050 fired near an asteroid and letting the 1298 00:57:38,630 --> 00:57:33,210 pressure of the radiation push the nuts 1299 00:57:41,270 --> 00:57:38,640 the asteroid not as good as the third 1300 00:57:42,890 --> 00:57:41,280 option which is to actually land on the 1301 00:57:46,910 --> 00:57:42,900 asteroid with a little tiny rocket 1302 00:57:48,039 --> 00:57:46,920 nozzle and use the asteroids regolith or 1303 00:57:50,890 --> 00:57:48,049 soil to make your 1304 00:57:52,779 --> 00:57:50,900 on FUEL you bring some with you and then 1305 00:57:55,870 --> 00:57:52,789 fire the rocket and keep firing it for 1306 00:57:57,939 --> 00:57:55,880 like 10 years and little by little what 1307 00:58:01,059 --> 00:57:57,949 that'll do is that'll nudge the asteroid 1308 00:58:02,859 --> 00:58:01,069 off its course just enough so that when 1309 00:58:06,419 --> 00:58:02,869 it comes in its gonna miss the earth and 1310 00:58:10,660 --> 00:58:06,429 I hit the earth so the the nudging 1311 00:58:14,979 --> 00:58:10,670 process is something that's probably you 1312 00:58:16,569 --> 00:58:14,989 use that if you had access to the data 1313 00:58:20,439 --> 00:58:16,579 that showed that this asteroid was out 1314 00:58:22,390 --> 00:58:20,449 there you know well that is really 1315 00:58:24,819 --> 00:58:22,400 really interesting you know I've heard 1316 00:58:27,579 --> 00:58:24,829 it a couple of different theories of you 1317 00:58:30,249 --> 00:58:27,589 know how you can kind of through 1318 00:58:32,380 --> 00:58:30,259 gravitational ways just move something 1319 00:58:33,969 --> 00:58:32,390 off its track just enough you know we 1320 00:58:35,620 --> 00:58:33,979 have a ton of questions for you they're 1321 00:58:39,069 --> 00:58:35,630 coming in from all different sources 1322 00:58:41,859 --> 00:58:39,079 from Amanda's helping out and that's 1323 00:58:44,769 --> 00:58:41,869 manda my co-host yes that's right 1324 00:58:46,809 --> 00:58:44,779 hello Amanda thank you so much but I I 1325 00:58:48,279 --> 00:58:46,819 told someone way back that I would hold 1326 00:58:50,529 --> 00:58:48,289 I'm going to hold their question because 1327 00:58:52,120 --> 00:58:50,539 it has to do with UFOs and for right now 1328 00:58:55,329 --> 00:58:52,130 I'm just going to ask a couple of these 1329 00:58:57,390 --> 00:58:55,339 and one of them is uh I think it's an 1330 00:59:01,749 --> 00:58:57,400 interesting question is it likely that 1331 00:59:04,449 --> 00:59:01,759 black holes are permanent and can they 1332 00:59:08,019 --> 00:59:04,459 create wormholes those are combining two 1333 00:59:11,349 --> 00:59:08,029 questions yeah no that's that's okay 1334 00:59:14,349 --> 00:59:11,359 black holes are not permanent they they 1335 00:59:18,069 --> 00:59:14,359 evaporate now the smaller mass they are 1336 00:59:20,079 --> 00:59:18,079 the sooner they will evaporate but very 1337 00:59:21,459 --> 00:59:20,089 large black holes like the one in the 1338 00:59:24,489 --> 00:59:21,469 center of our galaxy which is a 1339 00:59:29,529 --> 00:59:24,499 supermassive black hole a black hole 1340 00:59:31,660 --> 00:59:29,539 like that although it's although it's 1341 00:59:34,870 --> 00:59:31,670 evaporating as well it's also gaining 1342 00:59:37,269 --> 00:59:34,880 more mass to with interactions 1343 00:59:40,839 --> 00:59:37,279 potentially with gas and dust near the 1344 00:59:44,650 --> 00:59:40,849 center and possibly other stars as these 1345 00:59:46,259 --> 00:59:44,660 stars passed by and that central black 1346 00:59:47,469 --> 00:59:46,269 hole is called the Sagittarius a 1347 00:59:49,870 --> 00:59:47,479 supernova 1348 00:59:52,719 --> 00:59:49,880 I'm sorry a supermassive black hole and 1349 00:59:54,849 --> 00:59:52,729 and that particular like hole we've 1350 00:59:57,549 --> 00:59:54,859 actually done a ten-year study I say we 1351 00:59:59,650 --> 00:59:57,559 the astronomers that stud did the 1352 01:00:01,690 --> 00:59:59,660 research they did a ten-year study and 1353 01:00:04,120 --> 01:00:01,700 you can actually see the orbits 1354 01:00:05,890 --> 01:00:04,130 of the stars you see them orbiting going 1355 01:00:08,049 --> 01:00:05,900 around this thing that's that's it's 1356 01:00:10,270 --> 01:00:08,059 like you don't even know what it is you 1357 01:00:12,910 --> 01:00:10,280 know because there's nothing there but 1358 01:00:16,089 --> 01:00:12,920 they're orbiting it and we're literally 1359 01:00:18,160 --> 01:00:16,099 seeing stars circling around and 1360 01:00:20,799 --> 01:00:18,170 orbiting the supermassive black holes 1361 01:00:21,609 --> 01:00:20,809 the center of our galaxy it's really 1362 01:00:24,940 --> 01:00:21,619 incredible 1363 01:00:27,280 --> 01:00:24,950 so so the black holes do evaporate but 1364 01:00:29,680 --> 01:00:27,290 if they are gaining mass by you know 1365 01:00:32,440 --> 01:00:29,690 leaching off of nearby objects and stars 1366 01:00:34,930 --> 01:00:32,450 well then that's gonna really obviously 1367 01:00:36,490 --> 01:00:34,940 short lengthen the time what else be 1368 01:00:39,430 --> 01:00:36,500 around they're gonna that evaporation is 1369 01:00:43,359 --> 01:00:39,440 gonna take a lot longer so black holes 1370 01:00:45,490 --> 01:00:43,369 aren't permanent very interesting let's 1371 01:00:48,370 --> 01:00:45,500 see Kevin wanted to know why won't our 1372 01:00:51,539 --> 01:00:48,380 space agencies release or even use 1373 01:00:55,450 --> 01:00:51,549 high-res images for civilians ula 1374 01:00:59,829 --> 01:00:55,460 launches gun camera videos that type of 1375 01:01:02,579 --> 01:00:59,839 stuff well actually Google Earth used to 1376 01:01:05,260 --> 01:01:02,589 have all high res when you looked at it 1377 01:01:07,569 --> 01:01:05,270 way in the beginning you could zoom in 1378 01:01:10,650 --> 01:01:07,579 on a Google Earth image and the image 1379 01:01:14,140 --> 01:01:10,660 was pristine I mean it we're talking 1380 01:01:17,289 --> 01:01:14,150 full resolution but then as Google Earth 1381 01:01:18,520 --> 01:01:17,299 grew they ran into another problem and 1382 01:01:20,470 --> 01:01:18,530 the problem had nothing to do with the 1383 01:01:22,660 --> 01:01:20,480 NSA nothing to do with NASA and nothing 1384 01:01:25,870 --> 01:01:22,670 to do with governments anywhere it had 1385 01:01:29,559 --> 01:01:25,880 to do with computer storage space they 1386 01:01:32,470 --> 01:01:29,569 had to worry about how much memory and 1387 01:01:35,620 --> 01:01:32,480 many delayed this way disk space on 1388 01:01:38,200 --> 01:01:35,630 these big servers were being taken up 1389 01:01:40,990 --> 01:01:38,210 and then they had to worry about access 1390 01:01:44,109 --> 01:01:41,000 times and speed of access of the data 1391 01:01:45,700 --> 01:01:44,119 when you had not just thousands of 1392 01:01:47,799 --> 01:01:45,710 people looking at the data at the same 1393 01:01:50,440 --> 01:01:47,809 time but then hundreds of millions 1394 01:01:54,789 --> 01:01:50,450 looking at the data companies utilizing 1395 01:01:57,730 --> 01:01:54,799 the data every day in in to the tune of 1396 01:02:01,539 --> 01:01:57,740 you know millions and millions billions 1397 01:02:04,990 --> 01:02:01,549 of terabytes of data potentially in a 1398 01:02:07,270 --> 01:02:05,000 short amount of time now the data 1399 01:02:11,049 --> 01:02:07,280 pipeline to get all that data out to you 1400 01:02:13,299 --> 01:02:11,059 the civilian is gonna take forever so in 1401 01:02:14,779 --> 01:02:13,309 order to streamline and keep it a viable 1402 01:02:20,150 --> 01:02:14,789 product they had to 1403 01:02:21,709 --> 01:02:20,160 reduce the resolution now one area where 1404 01:02:25,249 --> 01:02:21,719 you can go to see the full resolution 1405 01:02:29,419 --> 01:02:25,259 data is actually not of the earth but 1406 01:02:33,529 --> 01:02:29,429 it's actually of the moon okay and I can 1407 01:02:36,319 --> 01:02:33,539 teach you that that is the Lunar 1408 01:02:38,509 --> 01:02:36,329 Reconnaissance Orbiter dataset and you 1409 01:02:39,130 --> 01:02:38,519 find that by looking up in Google 1410 01:02:46,819 --> 01:02:39,140 tah-dah 1411 01:02:51,079 --> 01:02:46,829 Lu a look up LRO quick map Oh R oh okay 1412 01:02:54,919 --> 01:02:51,089 Lima Romeo Oscar LRO quick map 1413 01:02:57,259 --> 01:02:54,929 all right just quick map and when you 1414 01:02:59,809 --> 01:02:57,269 get there you go in and now you're free 1415 01:03:02,179 --> 01:02:59,819 to zoom in on the moon all the way down 1416 01:03:06,019 --> 01:03:02,189 to being able to see things about 15 to 1417 01:03:07,549 --> 01:03:06,029 25 feet across and that's really cool 1418 01:03:09,589 --> 01:03:07,559 now they'll be striped various they'll 1419 01:03:11,989 --> 01:03:09,599 be stripes of areas that are not in yet 1420 01:03:15,289 --> 01:03:11,999 but for most of the moon you can see it 1421 01:03:18,829 --> 01:03:15,299 which is why talking about the UFO 1422 01:03:21,289 --> 01:03:18,839 subject a little bit which is why I feel 1423 01:03:22,519 --> 01:03:21,299 strongly that if there's intelligent 1424 01:03:26,059 --> 01:03:22,529 life out there and that they have found 1425 01:03:29,509 --> 01:03:26,069 this which I believe they have that they 1426 01:03:32,029 --> 01:03:29,519 will be in our oceans and not hiding on 1427 01:03:34,219 --> 01:03:32,039 our moon trying to look at us from say 1428 01:03:36,499 --> 01:03:34,229 the far side we have the far side locked 1429 01:03:38,329 --> 01:03:36,509 up you know this this this 3d print of 1430 01:03:41,120 --> 01:03:38,339 the moon I have here has every single 1431 01:03:44,870 --> 01:03:41,130 crater on the far side in ultra detail 1432 01:03:47,089 --> 01:03:44,880 and the actual digital model shows many 1433 01:03:50,089 --> 01:03:47,099 more details at the 3d print can even 1434 01:03:52,909 --> 01:03:50,099 show and the LRO quick map will show you 1435 01:03:55,640 --> 01:03:52,919 all those details down to about 25 feet 1436 01:03:57,529 --> 01:03:55,650 across on the far side everywhere on the 1437 01:03:59,059 --> 01:03:57,539 moon so if you're an alien species 1438 01:04:01,099 --> 01:03:59,069 you're gonna look at the moon and say 1439 01:04:02,809 --> 01:04:01,109 yeah well they they they they got a lot 1440 01:04:03,469 --> 01:04:02,819 of ships orbiting this thing let's do 1441 01:04:06,949 --> 01:04:03,479 something else 1442 01:04:09,199 --> 01:04:06,959 I know let's go where they are not well 1443 01:04:10,819 --> 01:04:09,209 where aren't they and it stored again 1444 01:04:12,890 --> 01:04:10,829 that darn toward he shows up everywhere 1445 01:04:15,049 --> 01:04:12,900 Touareg says well we're done they're not 1446 01:04:16,640 --> 01:04:15,059 in the oceans I mean they go up and down 1447 01:04:18,169 --> 01:04:16,650 in the oceans and they have submarine 1448 01:04:19,729 --> 01:04:18,179 thingies which kind of they'll go a 1449 01:04:21,949 --> 01:04:19,739 little bit into the ocean but not far 1450 01:04:23,179 --> 01:04:21,959 okay the ocean is this deep you know 1451 01:04:25,759 --> 01:04:23,189 they're only about that deep you know 1452 01:04:27,679 --> 01:04:25,769 and so we can be down here somewhere and 1453 01:04:28,580 --> 01:04:27,689 we can hide in the oceans and that's 1454 01:04:30,860 --> 01:04:28,590 exactly what I 1455 01:04:33,470 --> 01:04:30,870 think they've done I think if they're 1456 01:04:34,990 --> 01:04:33,480 here they're gonna be in the oceans and 1457 01:04:37,730 --> 01:04:35,000 this kind of goes along with one of the 1458 01:04:40,640 --> 01:04:37,740 legend from the Kimberley region of 1459 01:04:43,820 --> 01:04:40,650 Australia from like 5,000 years ago or 1460 01:04:46,330 --> 01:04:43,830 so I think it's the wanjina the wanjina 1461 01:04:49,490 --> 01:04:46,340 were a people that came from the Stars 1462 01:04:53,300 --> 01:04:49,500 lived under the waves unto the ocean and 1463 01:04:55,970 --> 01:04:53,310 had mastery of the water and there's a 1464 01:04:57,920 --> 01:04:55,980 myth that is only myth because there's 1465 01:05:00,640 --> 01:04:57,930 no proof obviously there's a myth that 1466 01:05:06,410 --> 01:05:00,650 says that two boys were torturing an owl 1467 01:05:08,090 --> 01:05:06,420 and in retribution the wanjina flooded 1468 01:05:10,040 --> 01:05:08,100 the lands and sent a tsunami to their 1469 01:05:12,350 --> 01:05:10,050 lands now that could just be a tsunami 1470 01:05:16,150 --> 01:05:12,360 story that was you know embellished or 1471 01:05:19,730 --> 01:05:16,160 whatever or if you look at it carefully 1472 01:05:22,040 --> 01:05:19,740 tortured an owl well if you put a grey 1473 01:05:22,660 --> 01:05:22,050 alien next to you know certain types of 1474 01:05:25,610 --> 01:05:22,670 ABBA's 1475 01:05:27,290 --> 01:05:25,620 they kind of look similar so the owl 1476 01:05:31,610 --> 01:05:27,300 could be what was we call a screen 1477 01:05:33,650 --> 01:05:31,620 memory and the alien creature okay would 1478 01:05:35,630 --> 01:05:33,660 be masked by this screen memory 1479 01:05:38,060 --> 01:05:35,640 potentially I mean I'm not saying that 1480 01:05:40,690 --> 01:05:38,070 that's what happened but I'm saying it's 1481 01:05:45,890 --> 01:05:40,700 possible and it's kind of an interesting 1482 01:05:49,250 --> 01:05:45,900 myth actually so they would don't hide 1483 01:05:50,780 --> 01:05:49,260 in our oceans I believe yeah and you I 1484 01:05:53,090 --> 01:05:50,790 don't know if I'll have time tonight but 1485 01:05:55,790 --> 01:05:53,100 you can tell a little story about the 1486 01:05:58,790 --> 01:05:55,800 incident you had on the submarine if we 1487 01:06:00,290 --> 01:05:58,800 have time we'll hit that but I could ask 1488 01:06:01,670 --> 01:06:00,300 this question a long time ago in the 1489 01:06:04,820 --> 01:06:01,680 chat room and again we're going to be 1490 01:06:08,900 --> 01:06:04,830 taking calls in about 20-25 minutes or 1491 01:06:11,840 --> 01:06:08,910 so the lig oh the laser interferometer 1492 01:06:14,050 --> 01:06:11,850 gravitational-wave Observatory 1493 01:06:17,570 --> 01:06:14,060 I guess it's operated by Caltech and MIT 1494 01:06:20,240 --> 01:06:17,580 there's someone in the chat that said 1495 01:06:24,250 --> 01:06:20,250 that that should be able to detect UFOs 1496 01:06:26,990 --> 01:06:24,260 coming in and out of our our system our 1497 01:06:27,500 --> 01:06:27,000 our atmosphere do you know anything 1498 01:06:30,800 --> 01:06:27,510 about that 1499 01:06:33,110 --> 01:06:30,810 I you know what here's the thing with 1500 01:06:34,880 --> 01:06:33,120 like oh okay there's several LIGO 1501 01:06:38,360 --> 01:06:34,890 detectors there's one in Hanford 1502 01:06:41,090 --> 01:06:38,370 Washington there's one in Louisiana and 1503 01:06:43,530 --> 01:06:41,100 there's a complementary instrument 1504 01:06:46,640 --> 01:06:43,540 called Virgo and 1505 01:06:48,750 --> 01:06:46,650 these three instruments rely on light 1506 01:06:52,020 --> 01:06:48,760 that's coming to us the high-energy 1507 01:06:53,370 --> 01:06:52,030 light and timing the difference in time 1508 01:06:55,050 --> 01:06:53,380 that it takes the light to reach these 1509 01:06:57,990 --> 01:06:55,060 different facilities and within each 1510 01:07:01,850 --> 01:06:58,000 instrument we can calculate where this 1511 01:07:06,270 --> 01:07:01,860 energy pulse we see is coming from now 1512 01:07:10,200 --> 01:07:06,280 the LIGO detectors would have to be 1513 01:07:12,240 --> 01:07:10,210 working in concert to see a source you 1514 01:07:14,010 --> 01:07:12,250 know if one LIGO detector detects it 1515 01:07:16,650 --> 01:07:14,020 then that makes it problematic you 1516 01:07:19,140 --> 01:07:16,660 that's one observation you have to have 1517 01:07:20,970 --> 01:07:19,150 more than one to be able to figure out 1518 01:07:22,710 --> 01:07:20,980 where it's coming from because of the 1519 01:07:26,070 --> 01:07:22,720 time differential and also something 1520 01:07:28,680 --> 01:07:26,080 called dispersion too much to get into 1521 01:07:30,270 --> 01:07:28,690 here about that I think but suffice it 1522 01:07:32,460 --> 01:07:30,280 to say that I don't think LIGO would be 1523 01:07:36,480 --> 01:07:32,470 sufficient I think you could get away 1524 01:07:39,360 --> 01:07:36,490 literally know why one of these this is 1525 01:07:42,930 --> 01:07:39,370 an iPhone you might have heard of these 1526 01:07:45,920 --> 01:07:42,940 and the iPhones actually can detect 1527 01:07:48,030 --> 01:07:45,930 gamma rays and you can actually view 1528 01:07:50,490 --> 01:07:48,040 cover up your camera you can actually 1529 01:07:52,680 --> 01:07:50,500 get a gamma ray detection application 1530 01:07:54,740 --> 01:07:52,690 and I don't know how accurate it is it 1531 01:07:59,220 --> 01:07:54,750 seems like it does work I did try this 1532 01:08:02,160 --> 01:07:59,230 and it if we can detect gamma rays then 1533 01:08:04,650 --> 01:08:02,170 then we're looking at a potential 1534 01:08:09,240 --> 01:08:04,660 incursion into our airspace it's a very 1535 01:08:10,950 --> 01:08:09,250 localized thing you know so we like I 1536 01:08:13,200 --> 01:08:10,960 work as you know with Douglas Trumbull 1537 01:08:14,520 --> 01:08:13,210 who is the guy that did the special 1538 01:08:17,370 --> 01:08:14,530 effects for Close Encounters of the 1539 01:08:20,510 --> 01:08:17,380 Third Kind Blade Runner 2001 a Space 1540 01:08:22,769 --> 01:08:20,520 Odyssey in fact so the man is a genius 1541 01:08:27,300 --> 01:08:22,779 Academy award-winning visual effects guy 1542 01:08:29,070 --> 01:08:27,310 but he's also a scientist in hiding he 1543 01:08:32,309 --> 01:08:29,080 wants to find the answer to the UFO 1544 01:08:33,960 --> 01:08:32,319 conundrum and so we came together on 1545 01:08:35,700 --> 01:08:33,970 that basis and then discovered that hey 1546 01:08:38,280 --> 01:08:35,710 you have a special effects business 1547 01:08:39,539 --> 01:08:38,290 yeah I do you knows well then you need 1548 01:08:40,140 --> 01:08:39,549 to work with us and we got all kinds of 1549 01:08:41,670 --> 01:08:40,150 things to do 1550 01:08:42,990 --> 01:08:41,680 and where we've been then we've been 1551 01:08:44,820 --> 01:08:43,000 talking several times today already 1552 01:08:47,789 --> 01:08:44,830 because we're working on a movie on 1553 01:08:49,320 --> 01:08:47,799 Nikola Tesla and we're gonna be creating 1554 01:08:53,789 --> 01:08:49,330 some really cool visual effects stuff 1555 01:08:55,120 --> 01:08:53,799 too tissue so but but that said gee Doug 1556 01:08:57,070 --> 01:08:55,130 and I have 1557 01:09:01,990 --> 01:08:57,080 I started a project that was originally 1558 01:09:04,840 --> 01:09:02,000 called you photography to find incursion 1559 01:09:07,329 --> 01:09:04,850 into our airspace by extraterrestrial 1560 01:09:11,579 --> 01:09:07,339 species and intelligent species if you 1561 01:09:14,669 --> 01:09:11,589 will and using instrumentation so beyond 1562 01:09:16,990 --> 01:09:14,679 it'll be beyond for instance the 1563 01:09:18,849 --> 01:09:17,000 subjective view of a person watching 1564 01:09:21,189 --> 01:09:18,859 with their eyes or saying wow look at 1565 01:09:22,629 --> 01:09:21,199 that with her cell phone camera and it 1566 01:09:26,820 --> 01:09:22,639 will actually take it to the scientific 1567 01:09:29,260 --> 01:09:26,830 level where it's just data and now you 1568 01:09:31,599 --> 01:09:29,270 you can interpret that data any way you 1569 01:09:32,950 --> 01:09:31,609 want but it's not gonna be just one 1570 01:09:34,899 --> 01:09:32,960 instrument it's gonna be like five 1571 01:09:40,559 --> 01:09:34,909 different instruments that are sensing 1572 01:09:42,669 --> 01:09:40,569 the sky spectrometers okay deciphering 1573 01:09:45,039 --> 01:09:42,679 signals coming from the sky to see if 1574 01:09:47,470 --> 01:09:45,049 these are transponders from aircraft or 1575 01:09:50,769 --> 01:09:47,480 something else listening for gamma rays 1576 01:09:53,439 --> 01:09:50,779 looking for other types of radiation in 1577 01:09:55,120 --> 01:09:53,449 all together for one observation of one 1578 01:09:58,090 --> 01:09:55,130 object seen in the sky if that one 1579 01:10:00,479 --> 01:09:58,100 object has you know some of these traits 1580 01:10:03,899 --> 01:10:00,489 that we say hey that's pretty cool and 1581 01:10:06,729 --> 01:10:03,909 does it mean it's an alien spaceship no 1582 01:10:08,290 --> 01:10:06,739 it could be something else but we're 1583 01:10:10,270 --> 01:10:08,300 gonna deploy these things in triads 1584 01:10:12,729 --> 01:10:10,280 triangles equilateral triangles so we'll 1585 01:10:14,740 --> 01:10:12,739 be able to have one talk to another and 1586 01:10:16,419 --> 01:10:14,750 then talk to another and say hey between 1587 01:10:19,570 --> 01:10:16,429 you three did you see this thing up in 1588 01:10:21,280 --> 01:10:19,580 the sky if they say yes then we know 1589 01:10:23,229 --> 01:10:21,290 that the thing was far up in the sky but 1590 01:10:25,419 --> 01:10:23,239 if they say no only one thought that we 1591 01:10:27,520 --> 01:10:25,429 know it was local down low and we can't 1592 01:10:30,010 --> 01:10:27,530 triangulate his distance or anything but 1593 01:10:32,439 --> 01:10:30,020 if only two of them see it then we'll be 1594 01:10:34,810 --> 01:10:32,449 able to triangulate how fast how high et 1595 01:10:36,729 --> 01:10:34,820 cetera which way it was going we can get 1596 01:10:39,220 --> 01:10:36,739 but we can't get a lot of data that we 1597 01:10:40,270 --> 01:10:39,230 would need but they're all gonna be 1598 01:10:41,709 --> 01:10:40,280 listening with these different 1599 01:10:47,530 --> 01:10:41,719 instruments on each of these we call 1600 01:10:50,370 --> 01:10:47,540 them platters and and you photographer 1601 01:10:55,030 --> 01:10:50,380 in the name no one wants to fund you man 1602 01:10:57,640 --> 01:10:55,040 so we're calling it the aerial anomaly 1603 01:11:01,500 --> 01:10:57,650 detection system I didn't know you even 1604 01:11:04,450 --> 01:11:01,510 changed that yes I remember I had 1605 01:11:06,910 --> 01:11:04,460 someone not did not want to show up on 1606 01:11:08,919 --> 01:11:06,920 my show because I had the word UFO in it 1607 01:11:12,100 --> 01:11:08,929 but you IP was okay 1608 01:11:14,439 --> 01:11:12,110 yeah you know and maybe we could say you 1609 01:11:15,700 --> 01:11:14,449 ap detector or something like that but 1610 01:11:18,700 --> 01:11:15,710 you know what 1611 01:11:21,729 --> 01:11:18,710 aerial anomaly is kind of a cool yeah 1612 01:11:23,620 --> 01:11:21,739 kind of cool but you know I I hate to 1613 01:11:25,689 --> 01:11:23,630 say it but you know what to get funding 1614 01:11:28,689 --> 01:11:25,699 for these things you have to be as much 1615 01:11:31,270 --> 01:11:28,699 a marketing guy as a scientist you know 1616 01:11:34,870 --> 01:11:31,280 you really have to know about marketing 1617 01:11:36,370 --> 01:11:34,880 yeah it's kind of hard to make that you 1618 01:11:39,520 --> 01:11:36,380 know to make that the to work together 1619 01:11:41,080 --> 01:11:39,530 you know so Duncan ah we're trying to do 1620 01:11:43,030 --> 01:11:41,090 the science and we need another guy to 1621 01:11:45,250 --> 01:11:43,040 do the marketing or another person 1622 01:11:47,260 --> 01:11:45,260 another human being of any kind well we 1623 01:11:48,850 --> 01:11:47,270 have a lot of non UFO questions in the 1624 01:11:51,729 --> 01:11:48,860 chat both chat and again I'll remind 1625 01:11:54,610 --> 01:11:51,739 everyone in just about 15 minutes or so 1626 01:11:57,939 --> 01:11:54,620 we're going to open up the lines but I 1627 01:12:02,850 --> 01:11:57,949 want us to say on the UFO topic for just 1628 01:12:05,620 --> 01:12:02,860 a couple minutes and what do you think 1629 01:12:07,720 --> 01:12:05,630 it would be a place to set something up 1630 01:12:10,510 --> 01:12:07,730 like that instruments I mean because 1631 01:12:14,620 --> 01:12:10,520 it's such a fleeting a you know this a 1632 01:12:17,290 --> 01:12:14,630 UFO you know you may see one in Arizona 1633 01:12:19,600 --> 01:12:17,300 one time and then you know someone sees 1634 01:12:22,270 --> 01:12:19,610 one in another state or whatever another 1635 01:12:23,500 --> 01:12:22,280 country it's just a fleeting thing it's 1636 01:12:25,120 --> 01:12:23,510 very hard to know where to set something 1637 01:12:27,340 --> 01:12:25,130 up how much of a range would something 1638 01:12:30,939 --> 01:12:27,350 like this happen well it would have the 1639 01:12:34,330 --> 01:12:30,949 range of the entire visible sky in all 1640 01:12:35,919 --> 01:12:34,340 directions you know so if that if it's 1641 01:12:39,939 --> 01:12:35,929 sitting on a mountaintop it has a 1642 01:12:42,820 --> 01:12:39,949 slightly higher you know distance that 1643 01:12:45,729 --> 01:12:42,830 it can look if it's in the valley it's 1644 01:12:48,130 --> 01:12:45,739 gonna have much less but they can go 1645 01:12:49,290 --> 01:12:48,140 anywhere we actually I designed one for 1646 01:12:52,570 --> 01:12:49,300 the ocean too and it would actually 1647 01:12:53,950 --> 01:12:52,580 float on a bobber and the action of 1648 01:12:56,470 --> 01:12:53,960 moving up and down would actually charge 1649 01:13:00,370 --> 01:12:56,480 its batteries it would let wave action 1650 01:13:03,880 --> 01:13:00,380 charge the batteries on board and that 1651 01:13:05,649 --> 01:13:03,890 one is that one's for the you know later 1652 01:13:08,320 --> 01:13:05,659 we want to get the land version done 1653 01:13:10,030 --> 01:13:08,330 first but I think you know the one in 1654 01:13:12,820 --> 01:13:10,040 the water is not gonna look up at all 1655 01:13:14,649 --> 01:13:12,830 it's gonna look down okay it's gonna 1656 01:13:17,520 --> 01:13:14,659 look down so we're gonna plant one I'd 1657 01:13:21,910 --> 01:13:17,530 like to see one planted over some of the 1658 01:13:24,280 --> 01:13:21,920 deeper water and see what we can find 1659 01:13:27,040 --> 01:13:24,290 you know if we see a strange signal 1660 01:13:30,400 --> 01:13:27,050 coming from deep under the water and we 1661 01:13:31,810 --> 01:13:30,410 know that it's not like a u.s. submarine 1662 01:13:35,070 --> 01:13:31,820 or something it may very well be 1663 01:13:39,790 --> 01:13:35,080 something else might be a interloper 1664 01:13:42,430 --> 01:13:39,800 into our atmosphere well while we're on 1665 01:13:45,220 --> 01:13:42,440 this topic just quickly for the person 1666 01:13:48,430 --> 01:13:45,230 that's never heard the story if you can 1667 01:13:52,660 --> 01:13:48,440 kind of do it in a condensed way your 1668 01:13:54,880 --> 01:13:52,670 submarine and come here and you know the 1669 01:13:56,350 --> 01:13:54,890 nice thing is you know most people who 1670 01:13:58,630 --> 01:13:56,360 know me know that I do a lot of work for 1671 01:13:59,890 --> 01:13:58,640 the Navy in fact I've got that little 1672 01:14:02,110 --> 01:13:59,900 thing right there you see right here 1673 01:14:04,200 --> 01:14:02,120 over here this is a submarine model that 1674 01:14:06,939 --> 01:14:04,210 I'm actually building for them right now 1675 01:14:10,390 --> 01:14:06,949 and I just sent out a 10-foot one a 1676 01:14:11,919 --> 01:14:10,400 little while ago you know so we're we do 1677 01:14:13,540 --> 01:14:11,929 a lot of work for the Navy so as such 1678 01:14:17,470 --> 01:14:13,550 sometimes you get opportunities I had an 1679 01:14:20,830 --> 01:14:17,480 opportunity to go on a sub and I went 1680 01:14:25,330 --> 01:14:20,840 for this ride down the sub if you want 1681 01:14:27,250 --> 01:14:25,340 to call that in it was really kind of 1682 01:14:29,080 --> 01:14:27,260 cool I it was the most fun I had getting 1683 01:14:33,640 --> 01:14:29,090 seasick to be honest because submarines 1684 01:14:36,580 --> 01:14:33,650 are actually you know cylinders okay 1685 01:14:38,770 --> 01:14:36,590 they're cylinders and they rock and roll 1686 01:14:41,140 --> 01:14:38,780 on the surface but underwater you don't 1687 01:14:43,030 --> 01:14:41,150 know they're moving however you feel 1688 01:14:44,770 --> 01:14:43,040 right now in your homes or in your place 1689 01:14:48,180 --> 01:14:44,780 of business and all he's not driving in 1690 01:14:51,700 --> 01:14:48,190 your car the way the way you feel now 1691 01:14:53,169 --> 01:14:51,710 you can barely detect any emotion that's 1692 01:14:56,470 --> 01:14:53,179 what it feels like underwater you don't 1693 01:14:58,300 --> 01:14:56,480 know but to get to where we were going 1694 01:15:00,010 --> 01:14:58,310 before you went underwater we actually 1695 01:15:03,220 --> 01:15:00,020 were rocking and rolling for quite a 1696 01:15:05,530 --> 01:15:03,230 while so I got sick I didn't get sick 1697 01:15:08,470 --> 01:15:05,540 sick but I got sick enough that I had to 1698 01:15:09,939 --> 01:15:08,480 go sit in a side area off the control 1699 01:15:12,160 --> 01:15:09,949 room which was called the sonar Shack 1700 01:15:14,729 --> 01:15:12,170 and I was sitting next to a kid in the 1701 01:15:19,570 --> 01:15:14,739 sonar and to make a long story short he 1702 01:15:21,340 --> 01:15:19,580 basically said that there was something 1703 01:15:23,530 --> 01:15:21,350 on the sonar and he called the executive 1704 01:15:26,919 --> 01:15:23,540 officer over the executive officer 1705 01:15:29,340 --> 01:15:26,929 looked at it and said you know a few 1706 01:15:31,090 --> 01:15:29,350 things like the bearing the range and 1707 01:15:33,400 --> 01:15:31,100 then he looked at it and said well how 1708 01:15:35,230 --> 01:15:33,410 fast was that moving and the kid was 1709 01:15:36,820 --> 01:15:35,240 incredulous because he had never 1710 01:15:40,960 --> 01:15:36,830 seen anything like this before his first 1711 01:15:42,550 --> 01:15:40,970 time he was a fast mover virgin if you 1712 01:15:43,870 --> 01:15:42,560 want to call that okay he'd never seen 1713 01:15:46,870 --> 01:15:43,880 these things I hadn't either 1714 01:15:47,980 --> 01:15:46,880 and I thought that it was a torpedo I 1715 01:15:52,470 --> 01:15:47,990 thought I was gonna die because I 1716 01:15:56,140 --> 01:15:52,480 accepted a ride in a submarine and the 1717 01:15:59,470 --> 01:15:56,150 kid turned to him and said several 1718 01:16:04,480 --> 01:15:59,480 hundred knots so in English 1719 01:16:05,700 --> 01:16:04,490 several hundred knots that means several 1720 01:16:10,570 --> 01:16:05,710 hundred miles an hour 1721 01:16:14,440 --> 01:16:10,580 underwater okay that perked my time that 1722 01:16:15,820 --> 01:16:14,450 perk me up so the kid did know what to 1723 01:16:16,480 --> 01:16:15,830 do with it because the sonar operator is 1724 01:16:19,150 --> 01:16:16,490 supposed to be able to classify 1725 01:16:21,820 --> 01:16:19,160 everything they see but my dad wait 1726 01:16:24,370 --> 01:16:21,830 there's no way so what did he do he he 1727 01:16:25,960 --> 01:16:24,380 kind of goes like this like like you I 1728 01:16:28,240 --> 01:16:25,970 couldn't see his face he's turned away 1729 01:16:32,500 --> 01:16:28,250 from me and the XO was on whose face I 1730 01:16:36,310 --> 01:16:32,510 could see and the XO just told them okay 1731 01:16:36,880 --> 01:16:36,320 log it and dog it and he kid said sir 1732 01:16:39,640 --> 01:16:36,890 yes sir 1733 01:16:42,130 --> 01:16:39,650 and I was like but and I got up and went 1734 01:16:44,140 --> 01:16:42,140 over to the XO and I said XO why I'm 1735 01:16:46,300 --> 01:16:44,150 kind of familiar with these fast movers 1736 01:16:48,970 --> 01:16:46,310 is is there anything I can help you with 1737 01:16:51,070 --> 01:16:48,980 in this he looks at me he goes mr. 1738 01:16:52,990 --> 01:16:51,080 Dantonio yeah I go yeah he says you 1739 01:16:56,800 --> 01:16:53,000 having a good trip so far yes sir I am 1740 01:16:59,380 --> 01:16:56,810 he goes let's keep it that way and that 1741 01:17:02,290 --> 01:16:59,390 was that not to be mentioned ever again 1742 01:17:04,750 --> 01:17:02,300 but several years later I had to do a 1743 01:17:06,370 --> 01:17:04,760 job for the Joint Chiefs all right and 1744 01:17:07,510 --> 01:17:06,380 people know the Joint Chiefs you know 1745 01:17:09,100 --> 01:17:07,520 they have reports the president the 1746 01:17:12,070 --> 01:17:09,110 United States well I had to do a job for 1747 01:17:16,690 --> 01:17:12,080 the Joint Chiefs and I brought this job 1748 01:17:19,570 --> 01:17:16,700 down to one of the Chiefs and the chief 1749 01:17:22,000 --> 01:17:19,580 and I were sitting alone and I said to 1750 01:17:23,020 --> 01:17:22,010 him probably shouldn't have I had the 1751 01:17:24,190 --> 01:17:23,030 words going through my head and I was 1752 01:17:26,050 --> 01:17:24,200 saying don't say it don't say it don't 1753 01:17:28,030 --> 01:17:26,060 say and well I'm think saying that the 1754 01:17:31,090 --> 01:17:28,040 words come out can you tell me anything 1755 01:17:32,590 --> 01:17:31,100 about the fast mover program and I'm 1756 01:17:34,210 --> 01:17:32,600 thinking oh I can't believe I just asked 1757 01:17:41,530 --> 01:17:34,220 that because they called it a fast mover 1758 01:17:45,190 --> 01:17:41,540 on the boat and the the the kid no sir 1759 01:17:46,780 --> 01:17:45,200 the the the guy said to me what he could 1760 01:17:49,150 --> 01:17:46,790 have said was I don't know what that is 1761 01:17:51,460 --> 01:17:49,160 what's that you know 1762 01:17:52,930 --> 01:17:51,470 in retrospect maybe he should have he 1763 01:17:55,330 --> 01:17:52,940 could have said never heard of it 1764 01:17:56,890 --> 01:17:55,340 maybe he should have instead he said oh 1765 01:18:01,450 --> 01:17:56,900 I can't talk about that program I'm 1766 01:18:06,340 --> 01:18:01,460 sorry I drove back from Washington like 1767 01:18:08,380 --> 01:18:06,350 this bridge you know Wow Oh car I mean 1768 01:18:11,830 --> 01:18:08,390 that was like hardly paying attention I 1769 01:18:13,960 --> 01:18:11,840 was so pumped up by that cuz that told 1770 01:18:15,010 --> 01:18:13,970 me that the US Navy is seeing things 1771 01:18:18,160 --> 01:18:15,020 they don't understand 1772 01:18:22,330 --> 01:18:18,170 and then just a few weeks ago I happen 1773 01:18:24,490 --> 01:18:22,340 to cross an article from the US Patent 1774 01:18:28,420 --> 01:18:24,500 Office that talked about granting the US 1775 01:18:34,530 --> 01:18:28,430 Navy patents on hypersonic underwater 1776 01:18:38,080 --> 01:18:34,540 and aerial vehicles yeah hmm related is 1777 01:18:40,420 --> 01:18:38,090 it possible that it was around when I 1778 01:18:42,640 --> 01:18:40,430 went on board the sub what year was that 1779 01:18:45,490 --> 01:18:42,650 I can't talk about the year but I can 1780 01:18:47,680 --> 01:18:45,500 tell you was decades ago now well really 1781 01:18:51,000 --> 01:18:47,690 you have to keep everything like that in 1782 01:18:54,970 --> 01:18:51,010 this particular case and and well before 1783 01:18:58,620 --> 01:18:54,980 this technology should have existed hmm 1784 01:19:01,150 --> 01:18:58,630 see so you tell me what it means 1785 01:19:05,500 --> 01:19:01,160 did they reverse engineer something oh 1786 01:19:08,260 --> 01:19:05,510 I'd love to know wouldn't you that would 1787 01:19:13,720 --> 01:19:08,270 be really something you would I know you 1788 01:19:15,640 --> 01:19:13,730 I can see it web cam sorry there are 1789 01:19:18,430 --> 01:19:15,650 there's so many questions here 1790 01:19:20,800 --> 01:19:18,440 how would you detect a vehicle that 1791 01:19:23,620 --> 01:19:20,810 manipulates gret manipulates gravity to 1792 01:19:25,930 --> 01:19:23,630 operate outside the local space-time 1793 01:19:28,600 --> 01:19:25,940 that's an interesting question I think 1794 01:19:30,610 --> 01:19:28,610 that for a vehicle to do that to 1795 01:19:34,180 --> 01:19:30,620 manipulate gravity requires huge amounts 1796 01:19:35,920 --> 01:19:34,190 of energy and you cannot mask the usage 1797 01:19:37,690 --> 01:19:35,930 of energy all right you're just gonna 1798 01:19:41,410 --> 01:19:37,700 see this this hole where the energy 1799 01:19:43,420 --> 01:19:41,420 should be all right effectively so to 1800 01:19:45,640 --> 01:19:43,430 see that that that process is very 1801 01:19:48,970 --> 01:19:45,650 likely going to release other types of 1802 01:19:50,980 --> 01:19:48,980 radiation in the process all right among 1803 01:19:53,220 --> 01:19:50,990 them might be Hawking radiation which is 1804 01:19:56,650 --> 01:19:53,230 notoriously difficult to detect and 1805 01:19:58,150 --> 01:19:56,660 costly however an analogue to it is the 1806 01:20:00,220 --> 01:19:58,160 gamma rays we talked about earlier if we 1807 01:20:02,320 --> 01:20:00,230 can see gamma rays it means that there's 1808 01:20:02,920 --> 01:20:02,330 probably one of those technologies in 1809 01:20:05,350 --> 01:20:02,930 play 1810 01:20:07,360 --> 01:20:05,360 so if we have a localized event say you 1811 01:20:08,830 --> 01:20:07,370 see a light moving through the sky all 1812 01:20:11,050 --> 01:20:08,840 right and all of a sudden it winks out 1813 01:20:14,530 --> 01:20:11,060 and you get a burst of gamma rays on 1814 01:20:18,220 --> 01:20:14,540 your detector when that happens that is 1815 01:20:20,770 --> 01:20:18,230 the smoking gun and that's exactly what 1816 01:20:22,750 --> 01:20:20,780 we're after with the aerial anomaly 1817 01:20:25,990 --> 01:20:22,760 system and it's what other people are 1818 01:20:27,430 --> 01:20:26,000 trying to do as well I encourage it you 1819 01:20:29,170 --> 01:20:27,440 know this isn't something where we're 1820 01:20:30,790 --> 01:20:29,180 gonna circle our wagons around our data 1821 01:20:32,740 --> 01:20:30,800 and say it's mine you have to pay to 1822 01:20:33,970 --> 01:20:32,750 have it you know Doug and I want the 1823 01:20:37,120 --> 01:20:33,980 world to have it this belongs to 1824 01:20:39,550 --> 01:20:37,130 humanity it belongs to everybody and if 1825 01:20:42,130 --> 01:20:39,560 we're fortunate enough to be able to you 1826 01:20:43,630 --> 01:20:42,140 know capture this data then we want to 1827 01:20:45,910 --> 01:20:43,640 make sure that the world is fortunate 1828 01:20:48,220 --> 01:20:45,920 fortunate enough to actually see the 1829 01:20:51,130 --> 01:20:48,230 data and we would make that data freely 1830 01:20:53,470 --> 01:20:51,140 available so we're not we're not looking 1831 01:20:56,410 --> 01:20:53,480 to make a business out of it we're not 1832 01:20:59,140 --> 01:20:56,420 looking to parlay it into a you know a 1833 01:21:01,330 --> 01:20:59,150 TV series we think that we're looking to 1834 01:21:03,700 --> 01:21:01,340 get the data because you want to know 1835 01:21:05,590 --> 01:21:03,710 the answers and if we get the answers 1836 01:21:09,040 --> 01:21:05,600 humanity should get the answers don't 1837 01:21:10,750 --> 01:21:09,050 you agree I agree I think I think I 1838 01:21:14,710 --> 01:21:10,760 think we're visited I think we're being 1839 01:21:16,800 --> 01:21:14,720 visited it it it seems to point that way 1840 01:21:18,640 --> 01:21:16,810 you know and there's just so many 1841 01:21:21,850 --> 01:21:18,650 there's just so many things there 1842 01:21:24,250 --> 01:21:21,860 totally unexplainable in any even any 1843 01:21:26,860 --> 01:21:24,260 technology especially when you look at 1844 01:21:29,470 --> 01:21:26,870 the history of UFOs going you know 1845 01:21:31,960 --> 01:21:29,480 things doing what people are saying oh 1846 01:21:33,760 --> 01:21:31,970 it's got to be you know government 1847 01:21:36,250 --> 01:21:33,770 secret aircraft or something like that 1848 01:21:38,770 --> 01:21:36,260 experimental but there talked about the 1849 01:21:41,020 --> 01:21:38,780 same things happening 45 years ago yeah 1850 01:21:43,810 --> 01:21:41,030 that would have been impossible I mean 1851 01:21:46,720 --> 01:21:43,820 what what was seen on that submarine at 1852 01:21:51,490 --> 01:21:46,730 that time could very well have been a 1853 01:21:53,680 --> 01:21:51,500 black project but kind of hard to 1854 01:21:57,400 --> 01:21:53,690 believe that because the technology back 1855 01:22:01,210 --> 01:21:57,410 then the science wasn't there that we 1856 01:22:03,220 --> 01:22:01,220 know I agree well wouldn't wouldn't say 1857 01:22:07,000 --> 01:22:03,230 not test something like that without 1858 01:22:10,540 --> 01:22:07,010 alerting a submarine in fact I made that 1859 01:22:12,340 --> 01:22:10,550 point a couple days ago it's directly I 1860 01:22:14,260 --> 01:22:12,350 said yeah they would they would unleash 1861 01:22:16,570 --> 01:22:14,270 this on their cruise when he talked 1862 01:22:18,340 --> 01:22:16,580 about the nimitz incident okay if 1863 01:22:20,830 --> 01:22:18,350 that was a black project if that was a 1864 01:22:23,740 --> 01:22:20,840 hypersonic vehicle being tested from the 1865 01:22:26,560 --> 01:22:23,750 patents okay let's say that was it they 1866 01:22:27,940 --> 01:22:26,570 wouldn't tell the Nimitz that they're 1867 01:22:29,410 --> 01:22:27,950 gonna be doing testing of this vehicle 1868 01:22:32,230 --> 01:22:29,420 they're just gonna send it out there and 1869 01:22:34,180 --> 01:22:32,240 see how the air crews react see if the 1870 01:22:35,560 --> 01:22:34,190 air crews can capture it you see the air 1871 01:22:37,570 --> 01:22:35,570 crews can lock onto it see if they can 1872 01:22:39,460 --> 01:22:37,580 shoot it down they're gonna try all 1873 01:22:42,310 --> 01:22:39,470 those things they're gonna see how 1874 01:22:44,080 --> 01:22:42,320 viable the technology is to use against 1875 01:22:46,990 --> 01:22:44,090 an adversary and to do that they can't 1876 01:22:48,820 --> 01:22:47,000 let on what they're doing to anybody Wow 1877 01:22:50,410 --> 01:22:48,830 they test it with the greatest air crews 1878 01:22:52,120 --> 01:22:50,420 in the world and that's the American air 1879 01:22:55,390 --> 01:22:52,130 force in the air wings of the air 1880 01:22:57,240 --> 01:22:55,400 carriers see so I think that those guys 1881 01:22:59,860 --> 01:22:57,250 are probably the ones that are gonna 1882 01:23:02,290 --> 01:22:59,870 experience these black projects but not 1883 01:23:03,700 --> 01:23:02,300 know that's what they were you know and 1884 01:23:05,800 --> 01:23:03,710 I'm not saying that the Nimitz and it 1885 01:23:07,540 --> 01:23:05,810 was that at all I I think that there's 1886 01:23:09,910 --> 01:23:07,550 there's plenty reason to believe that 1887 01:23:11,350 --> 01:23:09,920 that's not true there was a case where 1888 01:23:13,240 --> 01:23:11,360 this tick-tack object you know fray 1889 01:23:15,460 --> 01:23:13,250 versed in the Nimitz incident as you 1890 01:23:17,110 --> 01:23:15,470 made some of you may recall there's this 1891 01:23:18,880 --> 01:23:17,120 thick tech object to send it down toward 1892 01:23:21,040 --> 01:23:18,890 the ocean surface and when it descended 1893 01:23:25,330 --> 01:23:21,050 toward the ocean's surface a frothing on 1894 01:23:27,190 --> 01:23:25,340 the ocean began to arise and then when 1895 01:23:30,310 --> 01:23:27,200 the tick-tack took off that frothing 1896 01:23:32,020 --> 01:23:30,320 effect went away now that could be one 1897 01:23:33,790 --> 01:23:32,030 of two things the technology this thing 1898 01:23:37,960 --> 01:23:33,800 was used in the fly caused the frothing 1899 01:23:39,730 --> 01:23:37,970 near the surface of the water or the 1900 01:23:42,430 --> 01:23:39,740 frothing was caused by another object 1901 01:23:43,030 --> 01:23:42,440 underneath coming up and they were doing 1902 01:23:45,940 --> 01:23:43,040 some 1903 01:23:47,770 --> 01:23:45,950 communicative thing they're talking to 1904 01:23:51,490 --> 01:23:47,780 each other doing something they'd have 1905 01:23:54,190 --> 01:23:51,500 technology that to to to do that I'm 1906 01:23:56,830 --> 01:23:54,200 sure but water has a way with 1907 01:23:58,840 --> 01:23:56,840 electromagnetic signals you have to come 1908 01:24:00,820 --> 01:23:58,850 up into a shallow area that you can't 1909 01:24:04,210 --> 01:24:00,830 send a radio transmission from deep 1910 01:24:06,520 --> 01:24:04,220 underwater you can't you know it doesn't 1911 01:24:10,480 --> 01:24:06,530 work in fact they refer they rely on 1912 01:24:14,050 --> 01:24:10,490 sonar and they use sonar microphones and 1913 01:24:15,670 --> 01:24:14,060 tell us the sound microphones okay to 1914 01:24:17,230 --> 01:24:15,680 actually communicate deep in the ocean 1915 01:24:19,510 --> 01:24:17,240 they actually use sound they actually 1916 01:24:21,490 --> 01:24:19,520 talk into a headset and the headset 1917 01:24:23,800 --> 01:24:21,500 communicates a sound wave down through 1918 01:24:26,800 --> 01:24:23,810 the ocean which penetrates far more than 1919 01:24:29,020 --> 01:24:26,810 radar for instance or any other kind of 1920 01:24:30,250 --> 01:24:29,030 radiation that because sound wave isn't 1921 01:24:33,960 --> 01:24:30,260 radiation 1922 01:24:36,880 --> 01:24:33,970 you know so that that kind of thing is 1923 01:24:39,850 --> 01:24:36,890 still I think a problem for us but it's 1924 01:24:41,680 --> 01:24:39,860 also likely gonna be a problem in 1925 01:24:43,540 --> 01:24:41,690 general for for other being so maybe 1926 01:24:45,190 --> 01:24:43,550 they had to come up to a shallow depth 1927 01:24:47,290 --> 01:24:45,200 to be able to communicate or discuss 1928 01:24:48,760 --> 01:24:47,300 something and then they took off and 1929 01:24:51,670 --> 01:24:48,770 wouldn't that thing on the under the 1930 01:24:56,020 --> 01:24:51,680 water very likely be the same type of 1931 01:24:57,010 --> 01:24:56,030 thing that we saw on the sub something 1932 01:24:58,780 --> 01:24:57,020 they can move several hundred knots 1933 01:25:02,350 --> 01:24:58,790 underwater unimpeded like it's not even 1934 01:25:04,300 --> 01:25:02,360 there yeah that's incredible I mean it's 1935 01:25:08,680 --> 01:25:04,310 a stunner it's a lifetime stunner and 1936 01:25:12,250 --> 01:25:08,690 has been yeah I'm sure I'm sure Michael 1937 01:25:15,580 --> 01:25:12,260 asks about the laser induced plasma 1938 01:25:17,200 --> 01:25:15,590 effects being used by aircraft ships to 1939 01:25:20,350 --> 01:25:17,210 create decoys I read about that the 1940 01:25:22,690 --> 01:25:20,360 other day looked like a UFO or some 1941 01:25:26,500 --> 01:25:22,700 people could report it as UFO look like 1942 01:25:30,820 --> 01:25:26,510 something like that yeah well what was 1943 01:25:32,340 --> 01:25:30,830 he asking about it let's see I guess he 1944 01:25:35,590 --> 01:25:32,350 wanted to know if you've heard about it 1945 01:25:38,080 --> 01:25:35,600 only in passing I actually have not you 1946 01:25:40,570 --> 01:25:38,090 know done that any research on it I 1947 01:25:42,940 --> 01:25:40,580 don't know a whole lot about that and 1948 01:25:47,070 --> 01:25:42,950 are you going back on the discovery show 1949 01:25:49,000 --> 01:25:47,080 contact oh I don't know I mean I they 1950 01:25:51,910 --> 01:25:49,010 they haven't talked to me about coming 1951 01:25:54,820 --> 01:25:51,920 back I I know I did the final episode of 1952 01:25:56,740 --> 01:25:54,830 season one with them 1953 01:25:58,800 --> 01:25:56,750 it was kind of fun to meet Mike and Mike 1954 01:26:03,090 --> 01:25:58,810 you know they're great guys you know 1955 01:26:05,170 --> 01:26:03,100 one's a history no one's a former 1956 01:26:07,600 --> 01:26:05,180 Special Forces guy and the other one's a 1957 01:26:12,640 --> 01:26:07,610 history professor or medieval history of 1958 01:26:15,820 --> 01:26:12,650 medieval warfare professor Wow yeah 1959 01:26:17,110 --> 01:26:15,830 really really nice guys yeah I'm opening 1960 01:26:19,810 --> 01:26:17,120 up the line since we've had so many 1961 01:26:21,940 --> 01:26:19,820 people ask questions so you'll see that 1962 01:26:27,130 --> 01:26:21,950 number in YouTube you'll see that number 1963 01:26:28,930 --> 01:26:27,140 up on your screen it's 855 472 v 483 and 1964 01:26:32,320 --> 01:26:28,940 Bill will be standing by to take your 1965 01:26:35,130 --> 01:26:32,330 call 85 kg are alive there you go I 1966 01:26:39,010 --> 01:26:35,140 think you've said that a few times yeah 1967 01:26:42,160 --> 01:26:39,020 so there's another one when you're 1968 01:26:43,250 --> 01:26:42,170 saying the word they are you talking 1969 01:26:46,430 --> 01:26:43,260 about us 1970 01:26:48,230 --> 01:26:46,440 I don't know if I don't know what this 1971 01:26:50,000 --> 01:26:48,240 discussion was but they wanted to know 1972 01:26:52,660 --> 01:26:50,010 if you're talking about the air force of 1973 01:26:55,850 --> 01:26:52,670 the US Navy or another entity yes 1974 01:26:58,310 --> 01:26:55,860 okay that's clear now no no actually um 1975 01:27:01,180 --> 01:26:58,320 when they talk about they typically when 1976 01:27:04,250 --> 01:27:01,190 I talk about they I I mean to say 1977 01:27:06,620 --> 01:27:04,260 potential extraterrestrial life that's 1978 01:27:08,180 --> 01:27:06,630 here if I'm talking about Navy I'll talk 1979 01:27:09,530 --> 01:27:08,190 I'll say Navy if I talk about air force 1980 01:27:13,730 --> 01:27:09,540 don't say air force I don't typically 1981 01:27:15,200 --> 01:27:13,740 use the collective a with armed services 1982 01:27:17,180 --> 01:27:15,210 because it is important to differentiate 1983 01:27:20,330 --> 01:27:17,190 between the two between the different 1984 01:27:22,610 --> 01:27:20,340 types of services and my focus has 1985 01:27:24,920 --> 01:27:22,620 always been really with the Navy I don't 1986 01:27:27,830 --> 01:27:24,930 and have never done a lot of work at all 1987 01:27:29,240 --> 01:27:27,840 for the air force never done any work 1988 01:27:34,040 --> 01:27:29,250 for the army although it came close a 1989 01:27:36,950 --> 01:27:34,050 few times I've worked with I've work 1990 01:27:38,360 --> 01:27:36,960 with other agencies but not not the 1991 01:27:41,510 --> 01:27:38,370 three-letter agencies like everybody 1992 01:27:43,520 --> 01:27:41,520 thinks I did and at one point I was 1993 01:27:47,530 --> 01:27:43,530 doing little projects for some of those 1994 01:27:51,410 --> 01:27:47,540 you know ancillary agencies tied to them 1995 01:27:53,330 --> 01:27:51,420 but I I did actually I did deliver a 1996 01:27:57,050 --> 01:27:53,340 briefing once to the director of the CIA 1997 01:27:58,490 --> 01:27:57,060 I got to say that and that was sounds 1998 01:28:01,160 --> 01:27:58,500 pretty impressive I know you know I'm 1999 01:28:04,640 --> 01:28:01,170 really something I'm plugged in except I 2000 01:28:09,470 --> 01:28:04,650 was an intern and I was in Washington 2001 01:28:11,000 --> 01:28:09,480 during high school and we drew straws to 2002 01:28:12,860 --> 01:28:11,010 see you had to drive out to Langley I 2003 01:28:14,300 --> 01:28:12,870 didn't wanna do it no one want to do it 2004 01:28:17,150 --> 01:28:14,310 I got the short straw I had the trifling 2005 01:28:19,730 --> 01:28:17,160 in deliberate and I ended up meeting 2006 01:28:23,240 --> 01:28:19,740 with the associate associate deputy 2007 01:28:25,130 --> 01:28:23,250 stand in possible senior director as the 2008 01:28:26,990 --> 01:28:25,140 guy that's like down the chain but still 2009 01:28:29,780 --> 01:28:27,000 has a really impressive title so I 2010 01:28:32,210 --> 01:28:29,790 didn't actually meet the director okay 2011 01:28:34,520 --> 01:28:32,220 there's people in the UFO arena who say 2012 01:28:36,800 --> 01:28:34,530 they have the record of the CIA on speed 2013 01:28:40,640 --> 01:28:36,810 dial and all that and it's like yeah 2014 01:28:42,920 --> 01:28:40,650 okay I know what you're talking about 2015 01:28:45,560 --> 01:28:42,930 yeah I don't know that that's entirely 2016 01:28:48,130 --> 01:28:45,570 possible but it could be you know I 2017 01:28:51,830 --> 01:28:48,140 can't take away that might be true but 2018 01:28:55,130 --> 01:28:51,840 the likelihood is not there yeah we have 2019 01:28:58,600 --> 01:28:55,140 Andy calling from Connecticut Andy 2020 01:29:05,960 --> 01:29:04,460 handi can you hear me bill I think it's 2021 01:29:11,170 --> 01:29:05,970 possible we have a problem with our 2022 01:29:14,390 --> 01:29:11,180 phone system you clicked on there yep 2023 01:29:17,030 --> 01:29:14,400 it's on here now he's on here now so 2024 01:29:20,410 --> 01:29:17,040 bill just keep in mind something's 2025 01:29:23,690 --> 01:29:20,420 happening to our it's not coming through 2026 01:29:25,490 --> 01:29:23,700 so uh so we'll just keep on moving on 2027 01:29:27,590 --> 01:29:25,500 hopefully bill can figure that out 2028 01:29:29,630 --> 01:29:27,600 Martin just use your telepathy for 2029 01:29:32,300 --> 01:29:29,640 crying out loud yeah I know it's yeah 2030 01:29:35,360 --> 01:29:32,310 it's a little rusty tonight I would try 2031 01:29:39,920 --> 01:29:35,370 it but we have plenty of questions we're 2032 01:29:41,860 --> 01:29:39,930 coming in like left and right and just 2033 01:29:45,440 --> 01:29:41,870 see if I can pick up one of those but 2034 01:29:47,930 --> 01:29:45,450 well if not let's uh let's go into a 2035 01:29:50,450 --> 01:29:47,940 topic that I wanted to talk about and 2036 01:29:52,820 --> 01:29:50,460 that is so mmm just another mystery 2037 01:29:55,190 --> 01:29:52,830 that's not UFO related but dark matter 2038 01:29:56,960 --> 01:29:55,200 and dark energy because yeah I think 2039 01:30:00,320 --> 01:29:56,970 it's pretty interesting when you think 2040 01:30:02,090 --> 01:30:00,330 about the what we know 2041 01:30:04,970 --> 01:30:02,100 rocks planet stars all that stuff 2042 01:30:05,810 --> 01:30:04,980 there's only like 5% of what's going on 2043 01:30:08,720 --> 01:30:05,820 out there 2044 01:30:11,300 --> 01:30:08,730 then there's dark matter and then 2045 01:30:14,600 --> 01:30:11,310 there's dark energy like makes up the 2046 01:30:17,300 --> 01:30:14,610 majority of it and the puzzle of it all 2047 01:30:19,430 --> 01:30:17,310 is what has always intrigued me and and 2048 01:30:22,250 --> 01:30:19,440 the thoughts and I was just reading 2049 01:30:25,700 --> 01:30:22,260 something about was it axioms as a 2050 01:30:29,420 --> 01:30:25,710 possibility of dark dark matter 2051 01:30:31,130 --> 01:30:29,430 you know the sub particles yeah yes 2052 01:30:33,200 --> 01:30:31,140 there's there's there was some 2053 01:30:36,400 --> 01:30:33,210 commentary in the literature that states 2054 01:30:40,630 --> 01:30:36,410 that dark energy might not actually 2055 01:30:44,540 --> 01:30:40,640 really be needed to explain anything but 2056 01:30:45,770 --> 01:30:44,550 it depends how you embrace the research 2057 01:30:49,160 --> 01:30:45,780 that said it was there in the first 2058 01:30:51,110 --> 01:30:49,170 place and it has to do with the 2059 01:30:53,810 --> 01:30:51,120 expansion rate of the universe okay and 2060 01:30:57,680 --> 01:30:53,820 so when we look at dark energy for 2061 01:31:02,180 --> 01:30:57,690 instance words that come from well in 2062 01:31:03,920 --> 01:31:02,190 the 20s Edwin Hubble famous American 2063 01:31:06,230 --> 01:31:03,930 astronomer he was actually studying the 2064 01:31:08,390 --> 01:31:06,240 galaxies far away and he noticed that 2065 01:31:10,000 --> 01:31:08,400 these galaxies are receding from us at a 2066 01:31:13,899 --> 01:31:10,010 faster rate the farther away 2067 01:31:16,120 --> 01:31:13,909 and he was able to deduce an expansion 2068 01:31:18,609 --> 01:31:16,130 rate of the universe and that expansion 2069 01:31:19,569 --> 01:31:18,619 rate became known as the hubble name for 2070 01:31:22,479 --> 01:31:19,579 him constant 2071 01:31:26,049 --> 01:31:22,489 well the Hubble constant turns out it 2072 01:31:30,759 --> 01:31:26,059 it's not constant the Planck telescope 2073 01:31:36,100 --> 01:31:30,769 and other studies showed that the rate 2074 01:31:38,620 --> 01:31:36,110 of expansion has been accelerating and 2075 01:31:40,779 --> 01:31:38,630 if they're accelerating that means that 2076 01:31:42,160 --> 01:31:40,789 that means that the expansion is getting 2077 01:31:45,910 --> 01:31:42,170 faster and faster and faster every 2078 01:31:49,779 --> 01:31:45,920 second basically now what could possibly 2079 01:31:53,370 --> 01:31:49,789 explain that 13.8 billion years after 2080 01:31:58,649 --> 01:31:53,380 the Big Bang that started at all well it 2081 01:32:02,379 --> 01:31:58,659 turns out that dark energies actually 2082 01:32:04,600 --> 01:32:02,389 postulated because of the fact that the 2083 01:32:05,529 --> 01:32:04,610 explanation of this expansion has to 2084 01:32:08,140 --> 01:32:05,539 come from somewhere 2085 01:32:09,160 --> 01:32:08,150 so it wasn't toward the guy I've been 2086 01:32:11,500 --> 01:32:09,170 telling you about because he didn't 2087 01:32:14,290 --> 01:32:11,510 alien he's somewhere else but it was 2088 01:32:17,229 --> 01:32:14,300 probably some of these people that were 2089 01:32:19,629 --> 01:32:17,239 trying to think of ways to explain the 2090 01:32:22,629 --> 01:32:19,639 accelerating expansion and so they 2091 01:32:24,009 --> 01:32:22,639 thought of the concept and saw if it 2092 01:32:26,350 --> 01:32:24,019 worked out and it did 2093 01:32:28,209 --> 01:32:26,360 oddly enough I mean serendipity you know 2094 01:32:31,359 --> 01:32:28,219 you think of something they worked out 2095 01:32:33,459 --> 01:32:31,369 well it turns out that the expansion 2096 01:32:38,109 --> 01:32:33,469 rate of the universe if you think about 2097 01:32:41,319 --> 01:32:38,119 an energy that causes not objects to 2098 01:32:45,459 --> 01:32:41,329 expand but the very space that they're 2099 01:32:50,049 --> 01:32:45,469 in to expand it actually is expanding 2100 01:32:53,969 --> 01:32:50,059 space all around yet the dark energy is 2101 01:32:58,779 --> 01:32:53,979 and so that means that the acceleration 2102 01:33:01,989 --> 01:32:58,789 due to this energy that's expanding the 2103 01:33:04,149 --> 01:33:01,999 very space will cause this accelerated 2104 01:33:05,770 --> 01:33:04,159 expansion we see and that's where the 2105 01:33:08,589 --> 01:33:05,780 concept of dark energy came from isn't 2106 01:33:13,299 --> 01:33:08,599 that nice and Elementary no it's not 2107 01:33:14,199 --> 01:33:13,309 it's not very intuitive okay but you 2108 01:33:18,489 --> 01:33:14,209 know the concept of the universe 2109 01:33:20,560 --> 01:33:18,499 expanding however is has always been has 2110 01:33:23,500 --> 01:33:20,570 been plaguing people with problems and 2111 01:33:25,490 --> 01:33:23,510 one of them is if you look at for 2112 01:33:28,040 --> 01:33:25,500 instance 2113 01:33:29,180 --> 01:33:28,050 say you have objects in space and you 2114 01:33:31,729 --> 01:33:29,190 look at and you look at another object 2115 01:33:33,379 --> 01:33:31,739 in space every single object is moving 2116 01:33:36,379 --> 01:33:33,389 away from every other object in the 2117 01:33:38,899 --> 01:33:36,389 universe wait a minute what how can that 2118 01:33:41,330 --> 01:33:38,909 be what if they're closer to us well how 2119 01:33:44,120 --> 01:33:41,340 can that work well you might think that 2120 01:33:46,189 --> 01:33:44,130 you know that that can't happen well it 2121 01:33:48,680 --> 01:33:46,199 does and if you want to see it happen 2122 01:33:50,510 --> 01:33:48,690 you all you need is a balloon and a 2123 01:33:51,740 --> 01:33:50,520 Sharpie you get a balloon in a Sharpie 2124 01:33:53,120 --> 01:33:51,750 you take your balloon and put little 2125 01:33:54,979 --> 01:33:53,130 dots on it okay 2126 01:33:58,100 --> 01:33:54,989 and Amanda Curran who's been helping you 2127 01:34:00,680 --> 01:33:58,110 tonight did this and a video on her site 2128 01:34:02,990 --> 01:34:00,690 on her youtube channel to show this 2129 01:34:04,850 --> 01:34:03,000 concept I was trying to put across mmm 2130 01:34:06,800 --> 01:34:04,860 and by the expansion of the universe and 2131 01:34:09,020 --> 01:34:06,810 you put dots on this balloon it's not 2132 01:34:11,450 --> 01:34:09,030 blown up and then you blow it up and you 2133 01:34:12,859 --> 01:34:11,460 watch the dots you'll see that every dot 2134 01:34:15,020 --> 01:34:12,869 you put on that balloon is moving away 2135 01:34:17,450 --> 01:34:15,030 from every other dot as the universe 2136 01:34:20,030 --> 01:34:17,460 expands as the balloon expands and that 2137 01:34:22,129 --> 01:34:20,040 is the basic concept of universe 2138 01:34:24,800 --> 01:34:22,139 expansion and so I think that's 2139 01:34:26,359 --> 01:34:24,810 something that's really crucial to 2140 01:34:28,609 --> 01:34:26,369 understand first before you can start 2141 01:34:29,780 --> 01:34:28,619 thinking about accelerated expansion so 2142 01:34:33,379 --> 01:34:29,790 once you know the universe is expanding 2143 01:34:36,020 --> 01:34:33,389 then you look at the fact that it's 2144 01:34:39,770 --> 01:34:36,030 actually going faster and faster and the 2145 01:34:43,819 --> 01:34:39,780 causes are this energy inside it's like 2146 01:34:45,550 --> 01:34:43,829 someone is blowing harder and harder and 2147 01:34:48,200 --> 01:34:45,560 harder every second into the balloon and 2148 01:34:51,080 --> 01:34:48,210 causing this expansion to increase and 2149 01:34:53,600 --> 01:34:51,090 that's that someone is actually 2150 01:34:57,050 --> 01:34:53,610 something and it's the dark energy which 2151 01:34:59,479 --> 01:34:57,060 is causing the space itself to expand in 2152 01:35:02,660 --> 01:34:59,489 every direction so that's the arc energy 2153 01:35:05,089 --> 01:35:02,670 and I'm telling you if you're still here 2154 01:35:07,520 --> 01:35:05,099 and not like if your brain hasn't popped 2155 01:35:11,359 --> 01:35:07,530 well then you know we can go to the next 2156 01:35:12,500 --> 01:35:11,369 one yeah well I we have a handy back on 2157 01:35:17,000 --> 01:35:12,510 the line we figured out what the problem 2158 01:35:17,569 --> 01:35:17,010 was so who'd you have muted yes that's 2159 01:35:22,669 --> 01:35:17,579 exactly it 2160 01:35:28,370 --> 01:35:22,679 and anyway no I had I had kgr a muted 2161 01:35:30,910 --> 01:35:28,380 but anyway yeah yeah there's just so 2162 01:35:33,379 --> 01:35:30,920 many mysteries and makes you wonder if 2163 01:35:34,760 --> 01:35:33,389 we haven't figured there's something we 2164 01:35:37,220 --> 01:35:34,770 have figured wrong about gravity or 2165 01:35:38,030 --> 01:35:37,230 gravity reacts differently but I don't 2166 01:35:42,280 --> 01:35:38,040 want you 2167 01:35:44,270 --> 01:35:42,290 we'll take on Andy first and continuing 2168 01:35:46,700 --> 01:35:44,280 and you're on the air 2169 01:35:50,060 --> 01:35:46,710 welcome to the show excellent hi guys 2170 01:35:52,040 --> 01:35:50,070 there ain't well my question for mark is 2171 01:35:54,560 --> 01:35:52,050 uh I think he touched on this earlier 2172 01:35:57,230 --> 01:35:54,570 when he when he referenced uh his his 2173 01:36:00,680 --> 01:35:57,240 thinking that went into his book but 2174 01:36:03,290 --> 01:36:00,690 given that we seem to find life in the 2175 01:36:07,120 --> 01:36:03,300 most unlikely places we look here on 2176 01:36:10,430 --> 01:36:07,130 earth no just bang off a couple 2177 01:36:13,040 --> 01:36:10,440 radioactive waste hot springs in 2178 01:36:16,610 --> 01:36:13,050 undersea volcanic vents incredible 2179 01:36:18,800 --> 01:36:16,620 pressure in temperature the movile cave 2180 01:36:21,590 --> 01:36:18,810 in Romania 2181 01:36:23,120 --> 01:36:21,600 back in 86 it was five million years cut 2182 01:36:26,110 --> 01:36:23,130 off from sunlight and still with 2183 01:36:31,730 --> 01:36:26,120 poisonous gases life is thriving there 2184 01:36:34,910 --> 01:36:31,740 the surface of the ISS and on and on so 2185 01:36:38,630 --> 01:36:34,920 given given those facts is it not likely 2186 01:36:41,960 --> 01:36:38,640 then that life is actually ubiquitous in 2187 01:36:43,700 --> 01:36:41,970 the universe and and not rare we just 2188 01:36:47,720 --> 01:36:43,710 don't have the ability to get into the 2189 01:36:51,440 --> 01:36:47,730 details on what's happening on these new 2190 01:36:52,790 --> 01:36:51,450 planets they're discovering water mark 2191 01:36:55,460 --> 01:36:52,800 Mark's thoughts on I think he probably 2192 01:36:56,900 --> 01:36:55,470 would agree Andy I totally agree with 2193 01:36:59,870 --> 01:36:56,910 you hundred percent in fact as a matter 2194 01:37:01,970 --> 01:36:59,880 of fact the the subtext the subtitle of 2195 01:37:04,520 --> 01:37:01,980 the populated universe that book I wrote 2196 01:37:05,870 --> 01:37:04,530 is life in the universe may very well be 2197 01:37:07,850 --> 01:37:05,880 the rule not the exception 2198 01:37:09,890 --> 01:37:07,860 and it's based on those that very same 2199 01:37:11,750 --> 01:37:09,900 predicate that you mentioned that I base 2200 01:37:13,880 --> 01:37:11,760 it on ever were we looking to see the 2201 01:37:15,440 --> 01:37:13,890 building blocks of life and one one 2202 01:37:17,930 --> 01:37:15,450 place you didn't mention another place 2203 01:37:20,780 --> 01:37:17,940 that was cut off for for a long long 2204 01:37:23,690 --> 01:37:20,790 time is in Antarctica its lake vostok 2205 01:37:25,970 --> 01:37:23,700 lake vostok is a mile or more between 2206 01:37:28,580 --> 01:37:25,980 you know underneath the Antarctic Isis 2207 01:37:30,920 --> 01:37:28,590 has never seen the light of day in many 2208 01:37:34,910 --> 01:37:30,930 many years been cut off for I actually 2209 01:37:37,520 --> 01:37:34,920 forget the amount but for quite a few I 2210 01:37:38,690 --> 01:37:37,530 won't say I don't know how many millions 2211 01:37:40,940 --> 01:37:38,700 years it was cut off if it wasn't 2212 01:37:45,170 --> 01:37:40,950 hundreds of thousands but the bottom 2213 01:37:49,670 --> 01:37:45,180 line is that lake has more than 3500 2214 01:37:51,590 --> 01:37:49,680 different species of life within it all 2215 01:37:54,430 --> 01:37:51,600 working within the small 2216 01:37:57,620 --> 01:37:54,440 frail ecosystem that is lake vostok 2217 01:38:00,590 --> 01:37:57,630 beneath the Arctic ice now the pressure 2218 01:38:02,180 --> 01:38:00,600 is immense under all that ice and then 2219 01:38:03,320 --> 01:38:02,190 you have the weight of the water on top 2220 01:38:05,840 --> 01:38:03,330 of it okay 2221 01:38:07,670 --> 01:38:05,850 yet if your life you evolve into that 2222 01:38:09,560 --> 01:38:07,680 you don't know any different right we 2223 01:38:11,750 --> 01:38:09,570 evolved into fourteen point seven pounds 2224 01:38:13,120 --> 01:38:11,760 per square inch on our bodies every 2225 01:38:15,800 --> 01:38:13,130 square inch pressing every which way 2226 01:38:17,120 --> 01:38:15,810 because we evolved here this is how we 2227 01:38:18,980 --> 01:38:17,130 evolved we don't even think about it 2228 01:38:21,590 --> 01:38:18,990 but we're actually feeling the weight of 2229 01:38:23,900 --> 01:38:21,600 the air over our heads up to space the 2230 01:38:26,360 --> 01:38:23,910 weight of that air all the way column of 2231 01:38:27,860 --> 01:38:26,370 air over your head every square inch is 2232 01:38:29,810 --> 01:38:27,870 gonna be fourteen point seven pounds of 2233 01:38:32,720 --> 01:38:29,820 air over your head okay 2234 01:38:35,120 --> 01:38:32,730 overall now that's that's quite a lot 2235 01:38:37,070 --> 01:38:35,130 you know and other planets have less 2236 01:38:39,680 --> 01:38:37,080 atmosphere like Mars and other planets 2237 01:38:42,530 --> 01:38:39,690 have a lot more like Venus okay Venus is 2238 01:38:44,660 --> 01:38:42,540 ninety times as dense as ours Titan okay 2239 01:38:46,640 --> 01:38:44,670 has a lot more atmosphere than the earth 2240 01:38:48,140 --> 01:38:46,650 and Titan is of only about three 2241 01:38:50,030 --> 01:38:48,150 thousand miles across compared to the 2242 01:38:51,380 --> 01:38:50,040 earth being eight thousand so I agree 2243 01:38:53,360 --> 01:38:51,390 with you we see the building blocks of 2244 01:38:55,940 --> 01:38:53,370 life everywhere we look the deep ocean 2245 01:38:58,040 --> 01:38:55,950 vents had we not found life you know and 2246 01:39:00,020 --> 01:38:58,050 you probably know this too Andy had we 2247 01:39:03,140 --> 01:39:00,030 not found life at these sulfide chimneys 2248 01:39:05,240 --> 01:39:03,150 on the ocean floor we probably wouldn't 2249 01:39:09,220 --> 01:39:05,250 have thought that we could have life at 2250 01:39:15,320 --> 01:39:09,230 Europa Jupiter's moon or Enceladus 2251 01:39:18,500 --> 01:39:15,330 yeah Cassini saw these fantastic fissure 2252 01:39:23,660 --> 01:39:18,510 looking hotspots at the South Pole of 2253 01:39:26,630 --> 01:39:23,670 Enceladus this is telling us that we're 2254 01:39:29,120 --> 01:39:26,640 seeing hydrothermal vents we're seeing 2255 01:39:30,200 --> 01:39:29,130 hydrocarbons we're seeing carbon we're 2256 01:39:32,630 --> 01:39:30,210 seeing carbon dioxide were seeing 2257 01:39:35,600 --> 01:39:32,640 hydrogen we're seeing water spewing out 2258 01:39:38,960 --> 01:39:35,610 of these from subterranean oceans oceans 2259 01:39:41,960 --> 01:39:38,970 beneath the ice caps how phenomenal is 2260 01:39:44,720 --> 01:39:41,970 that and that's a Jupiter and Saturn 2261 01:39:46,700 --> 01:39:44,730 okay and you know people think well you 2262 01:39:49,180 --> 01:39:46,710 know you know that's far out I mean how 2263 01:39:51,920 --> 01:39:49,190 could how could it be warm enough well 2264 01:39:53,900 --> 01:39:51,930 Europa has a possibly sixty to ninety 2265 01:39:55,850 --> 01:39:53,910 mile deep ocean underneath that ice and 2266 01:39:58,250 --> 01:39:55,860 it's warm because of the fact that as 2267 01:40:00,140 --> 01:39:58,260 Europa goes around it's in a it's an 2268 01:40:02,810 --> 01:40:00,150 orbital resonance that's called with IO 2269 01:40:04,790 --> 01:40:02,820 and Ganymede and as it goes around those 2270 01:40:05,510 --> 01:40:04,800 those moons are tugging on it and so is 2271 01:40:07,040 --> 01:40:05,520 Jupiter and it 2272 01:40:09,230 --> 01:40:07,050 causes it to do this kind of thing as 2273 01:40:12,050 --> 01:40:09,240 it's moving all right and as it does 2274 01:40:13,610 --> 01:40:12,060 that it actually heats up from the 2275 01:40:15,530 --> 01:40:13,620 friction and you can do this with a 2276 01:40:16,820 --> 01:40:15,540 piece of clay that's hard right out of 2277 01:40:18,380 --> 01:40:16,830 the refrigerator take a piece of clay 2278 01:40:20,210 --> 01:40:18,390 and you start squeezed in squeezing it 2279 01:40:22,430 --> 01:40:20,220 and within about 20 minutes that clay is 2280 01:40:23,990 --> 01:40:22,440 soft and pliable now why you're 2281 01:40:25,490 --> 01:40:24,000 squeezing it you're doing what gravity 2282 01:40:27,590 --> 01:40:25,500 does you're squeezing tugging and 2283 01:40:30,530 --> 01:40:27,600 pulling and by that time then the clay 2284 01:40:32,180 --> 01:40:30,540 warms up it's pliable and beautiful and 2285 01:40:34,640 --> 01:40:32,190 that's what's happening underneath 2286 01:40:36,740 --> 01:40:34,650 Europa's surface the ice is cracking the 2287 01:40:40,160 --> 01:40:36,750 ice is fusing back together we're seeing 2288 01:40:42,200 --> 01:40:40,170 geysers actually on Europa if all the 2289 01:40:46,670 --> 01:40:42,210 data's right we're seeing hydrogen and 2290 01:40:49,850 --> 01:40:46,680 we're seeing oxygen and other compounds 2291 01:40:53,330 --> 01:40:49,860 coming out of Europa's geysers this as 2292 01:40:55,430 --> 01:40:53,340 you point out Andy probably is pointing 2293 01:40:59,150 --> 01:40:55,440 out the fact that life is indeed 2294 01:41:01,430 --> 01:40:59,160 ubiquitous throughout the universe in I 2295 01:41:03,980 --> 01:41:01,440 think I know I run the risk of being 2296 01:41:07,160 --> 01:41:03,990 what's labeled a carbon bigot yeah 2297 01:41:09,380 --> 01:41:07,170 that's right but as a carbon bigot I can 2298 01:41:11,030 --> 01:41:09,390 tell you that I think that the universe 2299 01:41:15,440 --> 01:41:11,040 provides a template for carbon-based 2300 01:41:16,520 --> 01:41:15,450 life here and everywhere and as I say it 2301 01:41:18,740 --> 01:41:16,530 happened here and it could happen 2302 01:41:20,960 --> 01:41:18,750 everywhere comets deliver carbon-based 2303 01:41:23,870 --> 01:41:20,970 compounds meteors deliver carbon-based 2304 01:41:26,090 --> 01:41:23,880 compounds and asteroids deliver 2305 01:41:30,590 --> 01:41:26,100 carbon-based compounds and these 2306 01:41:35,390 --> 01:41:30,600 compounds will then be part of a process 2307 01:41:37,430 --> 01:41:35,400 to create the oxygen from life and from 2308 01:41:40,790 --> 01:41:37,440 geological processes once once we see 2309 01:41:43,820 --> 01:41:40,800 the little tiny bacteria that form our 2310 01:41:46,100 --> 01:41:43,830 planet like they did then at that point 2311 01:41:50,950 --> 01:41:46,110 the oxygen atmosphere builds up and when 2312 01:41:54,850 --> 01:41:50,960 that happens now the opportunity for a 2313 01:41:57,800 --> 01:41:54,860 radiative outward explosion of life is 2314 01:42:01,490 --> 01:41:57,810 available and I think that this is 2315 01:42:03,740 --> 01:42:01,500 something that happens everywhere maybe 2316 01:42:07,460 --> 01:42:03,750 it happened under Europa's surface don't 2317 01:42:09,230 --> 01:42:07,470 you think yeah it's highly likely I 2318 01:42:12,230 --> 01:42:09,240 can't wait till we can get there and 2319 01:42:15,380 --> 01:42:12,240 look an opal clipper and I'll take your 2320 01:42:17,750 --> 01:42:15,390 head off air mark but uh you would know 2321 01:42:19,340 --> 01:42:17,760 better than I what was the robot that we 2322 01:42:21,490 --> 01:42:19,350 landed on the passage 2323 01:42:24,830 --> 01:42:21,500 japanese and landed on that passing 2324 01:42:27,170 --> 01:42:24,840 asteroid and then are there plans to do 2325 01:42:31,880 --> 01:42:27,180 anything else in the near future that 2326 01:42:33,140 --> 01:42:31,890 you know of I know that um thank you yes 2327 01:42:34,160 --> 01:42:33,150 sir no thank you very much for the call 2328 01:42:37,520 --> 01:42:34,170 excellent questions 2329 01:42:40,130 --> 01:42:37,530 um I think thank you the robots that 2330 01:42:44,000 --> 01:42:40,140 landed on the asteroid Ryuga 2331 01:42:46,190 --> 01:42:44,010 okay I can't I don't remember their 2332 01:42:48,410 --> 01:42:46,200 names there are more acronyms than the 2333 01:42:50,390 --> 01:42:48,420 names I think but I could be wrong about 2334 01:42:52,790 --> 01:42:50,400 that but they landed several of these 2335 01:42:56,930 --> 01:42:52,800 and the the gravity on this asteroid was 2336 01:43:00,140 --> 01:42:56,940 so small so slight as a matter of fact I 2337 01:43:01,970 --> 01:43:00,150 don't have a I had a digital print of 2338 01:43:04,250 --> 01:43:01,980 that asteroid to show you and I don't 2339 01:43:08,210 --> 01:43:04,260 know where I put it now but I'll use the 2340 01:43:10,640 --> 01:43:08,220 moon so the the the the the gravity was 2341 01:43:12,500 --> 01:43:10,650 so slight on this asteroid that the the 2342 01:43:14,990 --> 01:43:12,510 way the thing moved around was it just 2343 01:43:16,910 --> 01:43:15,000 had a little bar and just went thunk and 2344 01:43:19,040 --> 01:43:16,920 when it like that it moved this thing 2345 01:43:20,840 --> 01:43:19,050 off the asteroid it was just like a 2346 01:43:23,630 --> 01:43:20,850 little bar that just swatted the 2347 01:43:25,250 --> 01:43:23,640 asteroid and when it did that the thing 2348 01:43:27,290 --> 01:43:25,260 flew off the asteroid and then came back 2349 01:43:30,110 --> 01:43:27,300 at a different place not very efficient 2350 01:43:32,720 --> 01:43:30,120 not very uh well not very steerable 2351 01:43:35,810 --> 01:43:32,730 actually however it did the job and it 2352 01:43:41,680 --> 01:43:35,820 brought it to various places and that 2353 01:43:44,960 --> 01:43:41,690 that that was that mission alright was 2354 01:43:46,730 --> 01:43:44,970 essential because it was telling us the 2355 01:43:49,670 --> 01:43:46,740 complete the complexities of the 2356 01:43:50,870 --> 01:43:49,680 asteroids makeup in chemistry and then 2357 01:43:54,200 --> 01:43:50,880 we of course we have the sample return 2358 01:43:57,070 --> 01:43:54,210 that's going to be coming from there and 2359 01:43:59,180 --> 01:43:57,080 we have osiris-rex out at menu and 2360 01:44:00,590 --> 01:43:59,190 osiris-rex is near and dear to me 2361 01:44:04,460 --> 01:44:00,600 because one of the people that worked on 2362 01:44:07,280 --> 01:44:04,470 it was a catholic nun who i didn't know 2363 01:44:10,010 --> 01:44:07,290 was a Catholic nun when she was here my 2364 01:44:12,500 --> 01:44:10,020 house and because she doesn't dress up 2365 01:44:15,190 --> 01:44:12,510 like one you know she saw unfortunately 2366 01:44:18,620 --> 01:44:15,200 passed away a couple of years ago but 2367 01:44:20,270 --> 01:44:18,630 she was someone that said I have an 2368 01:44:22,100 --> 01:44:20,280 interest in the Hubble Space Telescope I 2369 01:44:24,170 --> 01:44:22,110 said oh I can show you some pictures oh 2370 01:44:25,400 --> 01:44:24,180 I'd love that so I went down and made 2371 01:44:27,140 --> 01:44:25,410 some pictures I actually printed her 2372 01:44:28,580 --> 01:44:27,150 some beautiful digital copies brought 2373 01:44:30,920 --> 01:44:28,590 him up and presented her with these 2374 01:44:32,359 --> 01:44:30,930 things and I telling her about these 2375 01:44:33,770 --> 01:44:32,369 things right 2376 01:44:36,379 --> 01:44:33,780 I'll tell you why this relates the 2377 01:44:39,139 --> 01:44:36,389 osiris-rex in a minute so she actually 2378 01:44:40,369 --> 01:44:39,149 said to me well those are beautiful you 2379 01:44:42,529 --> 01:44:40,379 know and I said these are yours you may 2380 01:44:45,379 --> 01:44:42,539 have them oh thank you and then her 2381 01:44:48,859 --> 01:44:45,389 companion another Catholic nun who was a 2382 01:44:51,109 --> 01:44:48,869 relative actually started to laugh and 2383 01:44:53,719 --> 01:44:51,119 they go what are you laughing for and 2384 01:45:00,229 --> 01:44:53,729 she looks at me she goes she's an 2385 01:45:02,419 --> 01:45:00,239 astrophysicist and I went what what oh 2386 01:45:04,759 --> 01:45:02,429 yeah sister Mary Ellen was an 2387 01:45:07,189 --> 01:45:04,769 astrophysicist worked at Goddard okay 2388 01:45:08,599 --> 01:45:07,199 and I didn't know that because she never 2389 01:45:11,299 --> 01:45:08,609 talked about it she never crowed about 2390 01:45:14,719 --> 01:45:11,309 it but she was the only human in history 2391 01:45:18,139 --> 01:45:14,729 to ever land an actual probe on an 2392 01:45:21,369 --> 01:45:18,149 asteroid she was she was working on the 2393 01:45:24,229 --> 01:45:21,379 near-earth asteroid rendezvous near and 2394 01:45:27,379 --> 01:45:24,239 she was the one who helped land this 2395 01:45:28,579 --> 01:45:27,389 asteroid I land on this asteroid and I 2396 01:45:33,020 --> 01:45:28,589 know Cyrus wrecks 2397 01:45:35,059 --> 01:45:33,030 I am mortalized her because when when 2398 01:45:38,299 --> 01:45:35,069 the osiris-rex team was talking about 2399 01:45:41,179 --> 01:45:38,309 including a little microdot with the 2400 01:45:43,399 --> 01:45:41,189 names of all the people I in a little 2401 01:45:44,869 --> 01:45:43,409 memory and photos of sister Mary Ellen 2402 01:45:47,299 --> 01:45:44,879 and they put it on for us so it was 2403 01:45:50,569 --> 01:45:47,309 really nice so it's sitting out there 2404 01:45:53,779 --> 01:45:50,579 and asteroid Bennu who else iris Rex's 2405 01:45:56,469 --> 01:45:53,789 and Mary Ellen is there I think it's 2406 01:45:59,149 --> 01:45:56,479 pretty cool that is I can't imagine the 2407 01:46:02,000 --> 01:45:59,159 calculating that would have to be done 2408 01:46:04,549 --> 01:46:02,010 to land on an asteroid I mean it's just 2409 01:46:06,439 --> 01:46:04,559 mind-blowing it is and we don't 2410 01:46:08,449 --> 01:46:06,449 necessarily get it right look at the 2411 01:46:11,139 --> 01:46:08,459 landing on the comet of the Rosetta 2412 01:46:13,250 --> 01:46:11,149 mission right the Rosetta mission was 2413 01:46:15,319 --> 01:46:13,260 fantastic it showed us views and 2414 01:46:18,199 --> 01:46:15,329 chemistry or a comment we'd never knew 2415 01:46:20,359 --> 01:46:18,209 okay and then there was a little lander 2416 01:46:24,319 --> 01:46:20,369 that was being deployed called fillet 2417 01:46:25,939 --> 01:46:24,329 you know ph IL AE right fillet and it 2418 01:46:27,799 --> 01:46:25,949 went down and went to land in the 2419 01:46:29,389 --> 01:46:27,809 asteroid and what it's supposed to do is 2420 01:46:31,909 --> 01:46:29,399 a supposed to at land it was supposed to 2421 01:46:33,559 --> 01:46:31,919 engage these hooks that would then hold 2422 01:46:35,419 --> 01:46:33,569 it down to the asteroid because yeah I'm 2423 01:46:38,750 --> 01:46:35,429 sorry their comment because the comment 2424 01:46:41,599 --> 01:46:38,760 was so low mass and so low gravity but 2425 01:46:43,009 --> 01:46:41,609 instead they either didn't fire that was 2426 01:46:45,349 --> 01:46:43,019 ineffective and when it hit it just 2427 01:46:46,330 --> 01:46:45,359 bounced off and it's continued to bounce 2428 01:46:49,220 --> 01:46:46,340 for 2429 01:46:52,430 --> 01:46:49,230 until it ended up lodged in a crevasse 2430 01:46:54,670 --> 01:46:52,440 on that Rosetta comment which was 2431 01:46:58,790 --> 01:46:54,680 actually a comet churyumov-gerasimenko 2432 01:46:59,740 --> 01:46:58,800 which is comet 67p P meaning periodic so 2433 01:47:03,530 --> 01:46:59,750 it'll be back 2434 01:47:06,320 --> 01:47:03,540 well amazing it's just so amazing hey 2435 01:47:10,220 --> 01:47:06,330 someone wanted to know are there any 2436 01:47:12,020 --> 01:47:10,230 plans to ever do any more deep field you 2437 01:47:15,440 --> 01:47:12,030 know pictures like the Hubble did oh 2438 01:47:16,970 --> 01:47:15,450 yeah I don't know I I'm not I've not 2439 01:47:20,330 --> 01:47:16,980 seen any of the dockets I haven't seen 2440 01:47:21,770 --> 01:47:20,340 any of the program's to know whether and 2441 01:47:22,750 --> 01:47:21,780 I know I haven't read any of that 2442 01:47:25,520 --> 01:47:22,760 information 2443 01:47:27,560 --> 01:47:25,530 you know I I've been focusing on our 2444 01:47:29,540 --> 01:47:27,570 Observatory to try and just get 2445 01:47:32,690 --> 01:47:29,550 astronomy to the masses you know get 2446 01:47:34,340 --> 01:47:32,700 people out there and you know it I think 2447 01:47:38,120 --> 01:47:34,350 it helps to have an astronomer who was 2448 01:47:40,250 --> 01:47:38,130 also a a full full-on believer in 2449 01:47:41,810 --> 01:47:40,260 extraterrestrial life and thinks they 2450 01:47:43,400 --> 01:47:41,820 could be here I mean I don't see any 2451 01:47:46,600 --> 01:47:43,410 reason why not the sheer numbers of 2452 01:47:49,160 --> 01:47:46,610 planets out there seems to negate 2453 01:47:53,570 --> 01:47:49,170 negativism about this objects and this 2454 01:47:56,150 --> 01:47:53,580 is this possibility when when we sure I 2455 01:47:57,410 --> 01:47:56,160 think I'll well we'll say we we can take 2456 01:47:59,450 --> 01:47:57,420 one more call if someone would like to 2457 01:48:01,520 --> 01:47:59,460 call in that numbers up on the screen 2458 01:48:03,980 --> 01:48:01,530 eight five five four seven two five four 2459 01:48:07,790 --> 01:48:03,990 eight three so we'll take another call 2460 01:48:10,460 --> 01:48:07,800 if you'd like but what you know what 2461 01:48:13,130 --> 01:48:10,470 sparked your interest in actually taking 2462 01:48:15,200 --> 01:48:13,140 a look at UFOs and what they could be in 2463 01:48:20,030 --> 01:48:15,210 the beginning how old were you and all 2464 01:48:21,410 --> 01:48:20,040 that I was probably around 12 yeah yeah 2465 01:48:27,220 --> 01:48:21,420 and I'll tell you why 2466 01:48:31,280 --> 01:48:27,230 no I was 11 I'm sorry I had seen a 2467 01:48:35,480 --> 01:48:31,290 rocket launch and the rocket launch was 2468 01:48:39,260 --> 01:48:35,490 a rocket launch to disseminate some dye 2469 01:48:42,320 --> 01:48:39,270 in the upper atmosphere and I saw the 2470 01:48:47,060 --> 01:48:42,330 results of this in the sky and I went 2471 01:48:50,290 --> 01:48:47,070 absolutely crazy I couldn't believe it I 2472 01:48:54,650 --> 01:48:50,300 was looking at so I ended up I ended up 2473 01:48:57,320 --> 01:48:54,660 looking at this this potential thing in 2474 01:49:00,080 --> 01:48:57,330 the sky is it possible is it this is UFO 2475 01:49:02,270 --> 01:49:00,090 what am I looking at and that got me 2476 01:49:06,080 --> 01:49:02,280 so interested so excited about something 2477 01:49:09,939 --> 01:49:06,090 I didn't understand okay that I ended up 2478 01:49:12,760 --> 01:49:09,949 pursuing this and I found out it was a 2479 01:49:15,050 --> 01:49:12,770 sounding rocket releasing a particular 2480 01:49:16,879 --> 01:49:15,060 material into the upper atmosphere to 2481 01:49:18,800 --> 01:49:16,889 create false Aurora's to do studies blah 2482 01:49:20,930 --> 01:49:18,810 blah blah okay that's fine 2483 01:49:24,589 --> 01:49:20,940 not bad for age eleven but I ended up 2484 01:49:26,330 --> 01:49:24,599 being someone that ended up deciding I 2485 01:49:29,089 --> 01:49:26,340 wanted to investigate these types of 2486 01:49:30,350 --> 01:49:29,099 these types of anomalies and then I went 2487 01:49:34,879 --> 01:49:30,360 to the library because that's what you 2488 01:49:35,899 --> 01:49:34,889 did when I was 11 and I got on my little 2489 01:49:40,879 --> 01:49:35,909 bike and pushed down 2490 01:49:42,649 --> 01:49:40,889 pedal down to the library and I saw that 2491 01:49:46,100 --> 01:49:42,659 there were some advertisements for this 2492 01:49:48,229 --> 01:49:46,110 group called the Midwest UFO network Wow 2493 01:49:50,750 --> 01:49:48,239 the word UFO that's up straight out of 2494 01:49:52,850 --> 01:49:50,760 me I want to learn about that so I I 2495 01:49:56,870 --> 01:49:52,860 started reading about it and then I 2496 01:50:00,410 --> 01:49:56,880 basically asked my mommy to subscribe me 2497 01:50:04,580 --> 01:50:00,420 to this Midwest UFO network and I 2498 01:50:08,839 --> 01:50:04,590 remember the very first met letter I got 2499 01:50:11,169 --> 01:50:08,849 from what would then become MUFON it was 2500 01:50:15,320 --> 01:50:11,179 move on then but just different meaning 2501 01:50:18,649 --> 01:50:15,330 was this this this card signed by Walter 2502 01:50:21,109 --> 01:50:18,659 Andrus the guy that founded the Midwest 2503 01:50:22,970 --> 01:50:21,119 UFO network running out of his garage 2504 01:50:26,959 --> 01:50:22,980 with file cabinets and lots of paper 2505 01:50:30,560 --> 01:50:26,969 alright and that card had his name on it 2506 01:50:32,419 --> 01:50:30,570 sign name actual sign in blue pen and 2507 01:50:36,350 --> 01:50:32,429 that gray card stayed in my wallet still 2508 01:50:38,270 --> 01:50:36,360 just a few years ago okay and I had to 2509 01:50:39,620 --> 01:50:38,280 change wallets because it dropped in the 2510 01:50:41,510 --> 01:50:39,630 water and I thought I don't know I gotta 2511 01:50:44,600 --> 01:50:41,520 change walls now so I changed the wall 2512 01:50:47,270 --> 01:50:44,610 that I get to the my my ID card from 2513 01:50:50,689 --> 01:50:47,280 MUFON and they go to pull it out and the 2514 01:50:53,060 --> 01:50:50,699 images there on the plastic sheet but 2515 01:50:53,990 --> 01:50:53,070 there was no card it had long since 2516 01:50:57,709 --> 01:50:54,000 disintegrated 2517 01:51:00,410 --> 01:50:57,719 I didn't you know so I was in MUFON 2518 01:51:04,070 --> 01:51:00,420 since 1971 which is about two years 2519 01:51:06,680 --> 01:51:04,080 after it started that is so amazing and 2520 01:51:08,540 --> 01:51:06,690 do you still do a lot of the photo 2521 01:51:11,720 --> 01:51:08,550 analysis and video analysis do you have 2522 01:51:13,920 --> 01:51:11,730 time to do that I do and I get calls and 2523 01:51:17,040 --> 01:51:13,930 I have to do it every day 2524 01:51:18,510 --> 01:51:17,050 and that's certainly what I do I've got 2525 01:51:21,210 --> 01:51:18,520 some active cases now that people have 2526 01:51:24,300 --> 01:51:21,220 asked me to do and I have no problem 2527 01:51:26,910 --> 01:51:24,310 doing it um you know it's it's my first 2528 01:51:29,400 --> 01:51:26,920 love really you know I've never strayed 2529 01:51:30,780 --> 01:51:29,410 from the MUFON organization I know it 2530 01:51:32,130 --> 01:51:30,790 has its ups and downs I know others 2531 01:51:33,600 --> 01:51:32,140 pitfalls there's problems there's always 2532 01:51:36,690 --> 01:51:33,610 politics there's things there's this or 2533 01:51:38,760 --> 01:51:36,700 that you're gonna get that anywhere yeah 2534 01:51:41,550 --> 01:51:38,770 unless you're a lone wolf going at it 2535 01:51:42,870 --> 01:51:41,560 all by yourself you just accepting it 2536 01:51:45,210 --> 01:51:42,880 the good with the bad you take what you 2537 01:51:46,760 --> 01:51:45,220 need and you leave the rest that's what 2538 01:51:52,680 --> 01:51:46,770 I do 2539 01:51:55,560 --> 01:51:52,690 and have you like I remember we had this 2540 01:51:57,570 --> 01:51:55,570 conversation and I do have to tell I do 2541 01:52:00,260 --> 01:51:57,580 have to tell the listeners this if if I 2542 01:52:03,780 --> 01:52:00,270 hadn't said it before but I remember a 2543 01:52:05,850 --> 01:52:03,790 driving out to Arizona and when we've 2544 01:52:08,280 --> 01:52:05,860 met a whole bunch of times but when we 2545 01:52:11,540 --> 01:52:08,290 were out in Arizona I drove out from 2546 01:52:14,190 --> 01:52:11,550 Maine which is I'll never do again and 2547 01:52:17,280 --> 01:52:14,200 there was a picture taken out the window 2548 01:52:19,920 --> 01:52:17,290 and I said my god there's a disc in in 2549 01:52:22,320 --> 01:52:19,930 this picture and I showed it to you and 2550 01:52:24,000 --> 01:52:22,330 you looked at it for five seconds and 2551 01:52:26,370 --> 01:52:24,010 you said I think there's something on 2552 01:52:27,750 --> 01:52:26,380 the window so I went outside to my car 2553 01:52:30,990 --> 01:52:27,760 and I looked and sure enough there was a 2554 01:52:32,700 --> 01:52:31,000 little little pine needle like a little 2555 01:52:36,210 --> 01:52:32,710 piece of a pine needle on the window at 2556 01:52:38,160 --> 01:52:36,220 an angle a perfect UFO yeah but a lot of 2557 01:52:40,350 --> 01:52:38,170 stuff like that happens right yeah yeah 2558 01:52:44,250 --> 01:52:40,360 and those are the common things and and 2559 01:52:46,140 --> 01:52:44,260 and I wasn't trying to you know disable 2560 01:52:48,210 --> 01:52:46,150 your intent to go searching for the 2561 01:52:49,800 --> 01:52:48,220 truth or anything I was just trying to 2562 01:52:56,580 --> 01:52:49,810 point out quickly and efficiently 2563 01:52:58,680 --> 01:52:56,590 I was broken no I was trying to point 2564 01:53:00,840 --> 01:52:58,690 out fast you know so we can move on I 2565 01:53:02,970 --> 01:53:00,850 know that you know the questions out 2566 01:53:05,700 --> 01:53:02,980 there the questions gonna be answered if 2567 01:53:08,130 --> 01:53:05,710 not by Doug and I doing the aerial 2568 01:53:09,690 --> 01:53:08,140 anomaly system by other people working 2569 01:53:13,170 --> 01:53:09,700 on similar systems 2570 01:53:15,150 --> 01:53:13,180 I do think as we move forward we have to 2571 01:53:16,980 --> 01:53:15,160 understand that when we leave the planet 2572 01:53:19,380 --> 01:53:16,990 someday and we have to because the Sun 2573 01:53:21,300 --> 01:53:19,390 is gonna run out of hydrogen someday and 2574 01:53:24,210 --> 01:53:21,310 when it does that some days not next 2575 01:53:25,890 --> 01:53:24,220 year or ten years it's like five billion 2576 01:53:29,460 --> 01:53:25,900 years from now 2577 01:53:31,950 --> 01:53:29,470 mm-hmm so don't start packing yet but 2578 01:53:34,230 --> 01:53:31,960 when it does the sun's gonna swell into 2579 01:53:36,450 --> 01:53:34,240 a red giant and when it does that earth 2580 01:53:38,970 --> 01:53:36,460 is gonna likely get swallowed up to 2581 01:53:41,100 --> 01:53:38,980 Mercury Venus are gonna go that way 2582 01:53:43,440 --> 01:53:41,110 earth is gonna go that way we have it's 2583 01:53:46,320 --> 01:53:43,450 gonna hit our orbit even but this is 2584 01:53:48,660 --> 01:53:46,330 wonderful to end in such a happy note I 2585 01:53:51,930 --> 01:53:48,670 said five billion years buddy don't you 2586 01:53:55,110 --> 01:53:51,940 mean yeah thanks so much mark and we 2587 01:53:56,820 --> 01:53:55,120 have to run so goat talk about where 2588 01:53:58,830 --> 01:53:56,830 someone can find your book in the title 2589 01:54:00,840 --> 01:53:58,840 real quick and your website you know 2590 01:54:03,930 --> 01:54:00,850 that the book is actually called a 2591 01:54:06,690 --> 01:54:03,940 populated universe as a very attractive 2592 01:54:10,050 --> 01:54:06,700 read cover that's not a very attractive 2593 01:54:12,420 --> 01:54:10,060 picture but that looks like someone in 2594 01:54:18,510 --> 01:54:12,430 fear that's also when I was ten pounds 2595 01:54:20,820 --> 01:54:18,520 heavier too but um it's on Amazon you 2596 01:54:24,120 --> 01:54:20,830 can find that on Amazon the populated 2597 01:54:27,210 --> 01:54:24,130 universe and I've gotten a lot of people 2598 01:54:29,850 --> 01:54:27,220 who have read the book and I would like 2599 01:54:32,610 --> 01:54:29,860 to very much thank my editor Tara who 2600 01:54:36,480 --> 01:54:32,620 lives in Arizona who actually edited a 2601 01:54:39,510 --> 01:54:36,490 lot of the era's out for me I also want 2602 01:54:43,200 --> 01:54:39,520 to thank Mary Ann who is in Arizona as 2603 01:54:45,870 --> 01:54:43,210 well right yes is orchestrating the 2604 01:54:47,670 --> 01:54:45,880 build of my Observatory out there for 2605 01:54:49,530 --> 01:54:47,680 Sky Tree livestream the way I hate to 2606 01:54:52,200 --> 01:54:49,540 say it but we're out of time or I'm 2607 01:54:54,210 --> 01:54:52,210 sorry yeah thanks so much all right all 2608 01:54:56,160 --> 01:54:54,220 right everyone so that's it for the show 2609 01:54:58,410 --> 01:54:56,170 tonight thank you so much for listening 2610 01:54:59,640 --> 01:54:58,420 we'll be back next week with Randall 2611 01:55:02,010 --> 01:54:59,650 Nickerson we're going to be talking 2612 01:55:04,230 --> 01:55:02,020 about the aerial phenomenon I want to 2613 01:55:06,090 --> 01:55:04,240 thank everyone so much glad this 2614 01:55:08,070 --> 01:55:06,100 software I mean the streaming service 2615 01:55:12,450 --> 01:55:08,080 worked well and we'll see you next week 2616 01:55:15,060 --> 01:55:12,460 remember everyone to keep your eyes to 2617 01:55:16,590 --> 01:55:15,070 the sky and it hits me oh my gosh this 2618 01:55:18,149 --> 01:55:16,600 is that triangle you know there's 2619 01:55:19,830 --> 01:55:18,159 explanation for everything that occur 2620 01:55:22,679 --> 01:55:19,840 the Rendlesham forest incident it 2621 01:55:26,189 --> 01:55:22,689 involved aliens at all it was completely 2622 01:55:29,429 --> 01:55:26,199 silent it comes right over our head it's 2623 01:55:31,020 --> 01:55:29,439 so classic flying-saucer really standing 2624 01:55:32,429 --> 01:55:31,030 in the clearing he turned over to my